The Renaissance and Reformation

The Italian Renaissance

► Renaissance  rebirth ► Italian Renaissance  rebirth/revival of interest in the ancient Greek & Roman worlds and what they had to offer ► Characteristics  Secular Urban society (City-states)   Age of Recovery New view of human ability & worth

Origins of the Renaissance

► European trade with Asia increased during the 1300s.

► 2. Italian merchants organized much of this trade.

► 3. Trade cities in Italy grew wealthy.

► 4. They competed to create works that would increase the prestige of their cities.

Genoa Milan Venice

Origins of the Renaissance

(cont) ► 5. Florence became a center for banking, art, culture, and literature.

► 6. Cosimo de’ Medici wanted to make Florence the most beautiful city.

► 7. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread throughout Europe.

Important City-States of the Renaissance

► Florence ► Rome ► Venice

Palazzo Contarini del Bovolo, Venice Genoa Towers,

► Genoa ► Milan

Façade and bell tower, Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence Comune gi Milano, Milan

City State Populations

Italian City States – Not yet the nation of ITALY

Each Italian city-state had its own wealthy ruler.

Italian Trade Routes – Notice the impact on Italy

Florence

► Center of art, literature, and culture.

► Florence became wealthy from the manufacturing of wool.

► Later Florence became the banking center of Italy.

► The Medici family were the greatest bankers in Florence.

Florence

► The Renaissance started in Florence and spread throughout Europe.

► Competition between the Italian city-states led to advances in literature, architecture, art, music, science, and education.

Medici Family

► Ruled Florence, 13 th  17 th Centuries ► Aimed to make Florence the most beautiful city in the world – Became Patrons of the Arts. Commissioned artist (incl. da Vinci, Raphael & Michelangelo) ► Lorenzo (The Magnificent) – created peace among Italian states, ended w/his death, 2 years later FR invades

Rome

► Home of the Catholic Church ► Popes commissioned famous artists and architects to beautify Rome. Michelangelo, Raphael, and Botticelli all produced major works in Rome.

► The popes employed the best artists

Rome

and architects of the Renaissance to build and decorate the most opulent churches in in the world.

► Michelangelo designed the finest example of Renaissance architecture in Rome, the Campidoglio (bottom left). He also designed the dome of Piazza del St. Peter’s Basilica (bottom right).

Venice

► Venice was the wealthiest city state of the Renaissance.

► It was a port city on the Mediterranean.

► Venice maintained hundreds of merchant ships and warships, and thousands of sailors.

Genoa

► Genoa is located on the Mediterranean.

► Genoa was one of two main port cities in Italy during the Renaissance.

► Genoa was one of the wealthiest city-states of the Renaissance.

► Dominated trade in the Mediterranean Genoa Harbor

► Milan dominated the inland trade routes because it was the gateway to Italy from the north.

► Milan is the site of Santa Maria delle Grazie, the cathedral where Leonardo da Vinci painted The Last Supper in the dining hall.

Milan

Niccolo Machiavelli

► IT philosopher, diplomat, poet, musician, playwright..

► Best known for The Prince – realist politics     Rulers should behave like a lion (aggressive and powerful) and at other times like a fox (cunning and practical) “The Ends Justify the Means” “It was better to be feared than to be loved” All this done to keep peace and stabilize power ► 1 st to publicly suggest immoral behavior for govt stability

Renaissance Society

► Strict Class society    Nobility – most powerful, but smallest group ► Strict rules and expectations ► Born not made or earned Townspeople ► Wide range of wealth, from rich to poor ► Provide goods & services Peasants – weakest, but largest group ► More freedoms as serfdom decreased ► Mainly lived in rural areas, so were least impacted by Renaissance

The Intellectual and Artistic Renaissance

Italian Renaissance Humanism

► Stressed that man was the center of the universe and had dignity and value ► Humanism – intellectual movement based on the classics  Study – grammar, rhetoric (debate), poetry, philosophy & history (the Humanities) ► Ren Educations – based on humanism  Goal – create complete citizens ► Vernacular Literature – written in common lang  Dante, Chaucer, Pizan

Petrarch: “Father of Humanism”

► Petrarch was a scholar and poet who was responsible for the recovery of manuscripts and works of Greek and Roman writers.

► He traveled throughout Europe recovering manuscripts of Cicero and other Roman authors that had been lost in monastery libraries.

► Petrarch, like other writers of the time, wrote in Latin.

Francesco Petrarch

Dante Alighieri

► “Father of the Italian Language” ► Wrote The Divine Comedy.

► The Divine Comedy is considered literature.

one of the greatest works of Italian and world ► Dante was first to write in the vernacular, the language used in everyday life. Until his time, all European literature was written in Latin.

Dante Alighieri

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The Artistic Renaissance in Italy

Rome became the center of Renaissance art in the 1500s.

 Pope Alexander VI: most notorious of the Renaissances popes; spent huge sums on art patronage.

► 3 Masters of the High Renaissance   Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo  Raphael ► Sculpture & Architecture are include in Renaissance Art, both drew from Greek & Roman influenences

New Artistic Techniques

► Fresco – watercolor on fresh plaster ► Law of Perspective ► Study of human anatomy ► GOAL – imitate nature From Michelangelo’s Sketch Book

Leonardo da Vinci

► ► ► Master of realism & perspective Studied human anatomy (cadavers) to be as accurate as possible Sculptor, painter, astronomer, inventor – a true “Renaissance Man”

Leonardo da Vinci

The Last Supper A page from one of da Vinci’s notebooks, he “coded” his work by writing backwards. He could read it, but most other people would need a mirror to read it.

Raphael Santi

► 1 of the top Renaissance painters ► Especially known for his “Madonna's” – paintings of Mary the mother of Jesus ► A major artist in the Vatican Madonna del Granduca Madonna of the Meadows

Raphael Santi

School of Athens fresco in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican.

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Thought to be Raphael’s masterpiece

Raphael Santi

The bracketed names are the contemporary characters from whom Raphael is thought to have drawn his likenesses. 6: Pythagoras ? 7: Alexander the Great ? 12: Socrates ? 13: 15: Heraclitus Aristotle ( Michelangelo ) 14: holding the with students 20: Ethics Ptolemy ? R: Plato ? 16: Diogenes of Sinope ? 17: 18: Apelles holding the ( Raphael ) Timaeus ( Leonardo da Vinci ) Euclid or Archimedes

Michelangelo Buonarroti

► Painter, sculptor and architect ► Most famous for work in Vatican City Vatican City St. Peter’s Bascillica (large domed building) – designed by Michelangelo (St. Peter’s Square – designed by Bernini)

Michelangelo

Well known for his frescoes in the Sistine Chapel.

The ceiling illustrates the stories of the Book of Genesis The Creation of Adam The Last Judgement On the Alter Wall of the Sistine Chapel.

Michelangelo, the sculptor

The Pieta – marble statue of a crucified Jesus being held by his mother Mary.

In St. Peter’s Basilica.

Michelangelo, the sculptor

David – carved from one piece of marble from 1501 to 1504.

Said to be proportionally perfect, though David is 17 feet tall

Northern Italian Renaissance

► Centered in Low Countries – Belg, Lux, Neth ► Due to weather- few frescoes  Stained glass, wooden panels, canvas ► Jan van Eyck – Flemish, perfected use of oil paints  Oils allow greater variety of color & detail Portrait of a Man in a Turban 1433 , probably a self-portrait, painted

Albrecht Durer

► German ► 1 of greatest Northern Renaissance artists ► Revolutionized woodcuts ► Studied in Italy on several different occasions

Architecture

► ► ► ► ► Architectural design returns to the classical styles of Rome and Greece.

Public buildings, homes and villas are designed using Greek and Roman architectural styles.

Renaissance buildings feature columns, domes, and vaulted ceilings.

Brunelleschi designs the first domed building.

Perspective becomes important in architecture.

The Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence, also called the Duomo.

Brunelleschi

Donato Bramante

St. Peter’s Basilica in Vatican City.

Started in 1506; Completed in 1626.

The Printing Press

► ► ► ► ► Johannes Gutenberg was a German goldsmith and printer.

Gutenberg was the first to develop allowed for mass production of books.

movable type

. This Gutenberg’s invention revolutionized book-making in Europe.

Gutenberg was the key figure in spreading the Renaissance.

His invention of movable type is still considered the most important invention in history.

IMPACT

► Much easier to publish books ► Increased literacy ► 1450-1500, 20 million books printed covering 35,000 topics ► Vernacular Literature – written in common language  Dante, Chaucer, Shakespeare

Writers of the Renaissance

► With the printing press. books become more affordable and more people (mostly wealthy) learn to read ► Dante, Petrarch and Machiavelli were all important writers of the time ► But there were more…

Miguel de Cervantes

► ► Cervantes was a Spanish novelist, poet, painter, and playwright. He was born in La Mancha, Spain.

Cervantes wrote the novel Don Quixote, the most influential work of literature to come out of the Spanish Golden Age.

► Cervantes was a man of adventure. It was said that he left Castile because of a duel.

► Cervantes got the idea for serving one of two prison terms for irregularities in his bookkeeping as a tax collector and purchasing agent.

Don Quixote while

New Words Abound…

Alligator Critical Equivocal Eyeball Eyesore Gloomy Laughingstock Lonely Luggage Manager Puke Torture Worthless Zany

But where did they come from?

William Shakespeare

“All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players there, they have their exits and their entrances, and one man in his time plays many parts….” William Shakespeare

► ► Shakespeare is considered the greatest writer and dramatist of all time.

Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet, Merchant of Venice, Julius Caesar, A Midsummer’s Night Dream, Henry IV, Henry V, Much Ado About Nothing, Twelfth Night, Hamlet and more.

► Shakespeare wrote 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two narrative poems, and other poems.

Shakespeare

► William Shakespeare (1564-1616)– Elizabethan era   Greatest of English Renaissance authors His work reflected the Renaissance ideas of classical Greek and Roman culture, individualism and humanism    Wrote comedies, tragedies, histories and sonnets Known for the “timelessness” of his work Close to 300 movies and TV adaptations have been made of Shakespeare’s work (e.g. Ten Things I Hate About You, a rendition of The Taming of the Shrew)

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Contributions of the Renaissance

Invention of the Gutenberg Press ► The banking industry ► Exploration, colonization of world ► Expansion of trade ► Humanism, individual is the center of the universe ► Reintroduction of Greek and Roman knowledge and philosophy ► Gateway to modern art forms ► Expansion of Greek and Roman architecture and sculpture ► Increased scientific knowledge, and desire to know more

The Italian Wars (1494-1559)

► ► Powerful IT monarchs & foreign countries (SP, FR, HRE, Ott Emp…) vied for control Charles I (SP) allowed sack of Rome (May 5, 1527)   Pope Clement forced to flee Aftermath: ► End of Roman Renaissance ► Damaged Papal prestige ► SP dominant power in IT ► Charles V given freedom to act on Reformation in Germany FYI – In commemoration, all new Swiss Guard members are sworn in on May 6 of each year.

Chapter 17.3 and 17.4

Essential Questions

► Why did calls for reform within the Catholic Church intensify during the early 1500s?

► Who was Martin Luther, and what was his role in the Reformation?

► What happened to the Catholic Church as a result of the Protestant Reformation?

► Who were other reformers and what did they promote?

► What was the Counter-Reformation, and what changes did it lead to?

What was the Protestant Reformation?

► Prior to the Reformation all Christians (in the west) were Roman Catholic ► The Reform ation was an attempt to REFORM the Catholic Church ► People like Martin Luther wanted to get rid of the corruption and restore the people’s faith in the church ► In the end the reformers, like Luther, established their own denominations/sects ► The Reformation caused a split in Christianity with the formation of these new Protestant denominations

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FOUR CAUSES OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION

► SOCIAL -Renaissance ideas of humanism/secularism led people to question the Church -Effect of the printing press- Helped spread new ideas ► ECONOMIC -European princes and kings were jealous of the Church’s wealth -Merchants and others resented paying taxes to the Church

FOUR CAUSES OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION (continued)

► POLITICAL -Powerful monarch challenged the Church as the supreme power in Europe -The Pope is seen as a foreign ruler and challenged his authority ► RELIGIOUS -Some Church leaders had become worldly and corrupt -Many people found Church practices unacceptable (sale of indulgences)

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Why reform? Criticisms of the Catholic Church

Popes corrupted by power & lose focus of spiritual leadership ► Scientific advances contradicted the Church ► Glorifying Rome comes at a hefty cost ► Indulgences –a release of a soul from purgatory for monetary donation – a HUGE abuse of Church power!

  

1300s-1400s

John Wycliffe and Jan Hus advocate for Reform in the Church

John Wycliffe

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Priest and Teacher at Oxford University

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Offended by the power and wealth of the church

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Wanted individuals to read and interpret the Bible

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Promoted the publication of the Bible in English

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Accused of heresy b/c he denied the pope’s worldly power; taught that the Bible had more authority than Church leaders Jan Huss

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Teacher at University of Prague

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Read Wycliffe’s work - inspired

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Criticized the church - excommunicated

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Condemned as a heretic at the Council of Constance (1414)

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Burned at the stake Neither had the printing press to gain widespread support

Desiderius Erasmus

Desiderius Erasmus

► Erasmus was a Dutch scholar, humanist, and theologian.

► Erasmus was ordained a Catholic priest, but never practiced priestly duties.

► Instead, he studied theology and classical Greek at the universities of Paris and Cambridge.

► Erasmus was critical of some of the practices and doctrines of the Catholic Church.

► Erasmus sought to reform the Catholic Church.

Calls to Reform the Church

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In Praise of Folly -

     by Erasmus Best-seller (only the Bible sold more by 1550) Erasmus was a devout Catholic who sought to reform the Church, not destroy it Criticized immorality and hypocrisy of Church leaders and the clergy The book inspired renewed calls for reform, and influenced Martin Luther Sir Thomas More , author of criticized the Church Utopia , also

Effect of the Printing Press-

was increasing; people began forming their own opinions.

literacy

Role of MARTIN LUTHER

► ► ► ► Born November 10, 1483 Germany Gained a degree in law (1505) A supernatural experience leads him to give up a promising law career and become a monk Luther struggled greatly with the concept of his sinfulness

Luther’s Position on Salvation

  Luther thought grace (a gift from God) , through faith alone gained salvation The Church taught that faith alone charity and cannot justify man. Acts of good works can.

► Oct 31, 1517 – Posted 95 Theses Germany on church door in Wittenberg,   His criticisms of Church ( in Latin ) Taken down, translated into German  1000s of copies distributed through Germany

The Holy Roman Empire in the 16

th

Century

The Reformation Begins

► ► ► By 1521 Luther moving toward split from Church Wanted German princes to overthrow Papal power in Germany & establish a German Church By Jan 1521 – Luther was excommunicated  Summoned by Imperial Diet of HRE to Worms    Called by Emperor Charles V, wanted Luther to change his ideas, Luther – “NO” Edict of Worms issued, making Luther an outlaw Luther kept in hiding by Frederick, Prince of Saxony

Lutherans

► Followers of Luther’s religious practices ► Gained support of many German princes ► 1524, German peasants revolted & hoped Luther would support them, because Luther needed the princes’ support, he did not help the peasants (and b/c they were violent) ► Germany in turmoil – Catholic? Lutheran? A religious war ensues  To achieve peace HRE Emperor Charles V accepted the region) Peace of Augsburg (allowed German princes to choose the faith of their

Ch.17.4 The Reformation Continues

► Essential Questions:    How did Protestant ideas spread?

What other Protestant sects began to form?

What was the response of the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation?

Protestantism Spreads - Zwingli

► Ulrich Zwingli – priest in Zurich, Switzerland ► Advocates for a return to a more personal faith of early Christianity ► Zwinglian Reformation     Banned all religious relics/images Whitewashed all church interiors No music in church services Does not merge w/Luther b/c can’t agree with the meaning of communion

Protestantism Spreads - Calvin

► John Calvin replaces Zwingli (killed in religious war) ► French, fled for safety to Switzerland ► 1536 – began reforming Geneva, Switz.

  Created a theocracy (government ruled by religions leaders Used consistory (moral police)  No drinking, gambling, swearing, etc. People could be jailed, banished or burned at the stake for violations ► Influenced by Martin Luther but disagreed with his stance on “salvation by faith alone” ► Published “ Institutes of the Christian Religion ” outlining his ideas on predestination

Spread of Calvinism

► Ideas spread  France, Netherlands, etc… ► John Knox takes Calvinism to Presbyterian church Scotland where it becomes known as the ► Mid 16 th C – Calvinism more popular than Lutheranism

“Defender of the Faith”

► After reading Luther’s 95 Theses, Henry VIII of England writes a scathing letter attacking Luther and defending the Pope.

► As a result, Pope Leo X gives him the title “ Defender of the Faith ”

Dispute leads to Reformation in England

► ► Political, Church. not religious motives for reform Henry VIII – King of England  Needs a male heir to carry on the Tudor Dynasty   Married Catherine of Aragon (Aunt of Charles V,HRE Emperor) Have a daughter, Mary  No son, so Henry wants a divorce!

In the Catholic Church, you need an annulment , granted by the

Reformation in England (cont)

► The Pope refused to grant the annulment, too political (King of Eng vs. HRE Emperor) ► After a long argument, Henry Parliament Church and decided to break from Catholic ► Archbishop of Canterbury granted divorce ► Act of Supremacy (1534) completes Henry’s break with the pope    King control over doctrine, appointments, etc Dissolves Catholic claims, sells land & possessions Remained close to Catholic teachings

Henry & his wives

► Henry was desperate for a son. So much so he married 6 times!!

► The saying goes… Divorced, Beheaded, Died Divorced, Beheaded, Survived Horrible Histories

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The Church of England

1547 – Henry died   His 9 year old son, Edward VI , took the throne The English Church became more Protestant under Edward’s advisors 1553 – Edward dies  His half-sister Mary (Catholic) takes throne   She wants to restore Catholicism “Bloody Mary” has 300+ Prot burned as heretics  1558 Elizabeth I Protestantism inherits the throne and restores  1559 Parliament sets up the Church of England, aka, the Anglican Church. Becomes a state church that tried to please both moderate Catholics and Protestants

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The Catholic Reformation Reform from the Top Down

Protestantism spreading rapidly through Europe ► Church sees need to reform ► Key Leaders:    Pope Paul III Pope Paul IV Ignatius of Loyola

The Papacy

► Pope Paul III led papal reform     Calls for investigation of church abuses Oversaw the creation of the Jesuit order Revived the Inquisition Opened the Council of Trent

The Inquisition

► Church’s way to suppress heresy ► Infamous for its cruelty ► Followed strictly in Spain, Portugal and Rome ► Some countries, like France, refused

The Jesuits

► Most significant agency of Catholic reform ► Founded by Ignatius of Loyola   Spanish soldier Injured in battle ► Had a conversion during recovery, dedicated himself to the Church

Role of Jesuits

► Missionaries  Convert former and non-Catholics ; an attempt to try to stop the spread of Protestantism ► Urged the religious education of children ► Devoted to religious and secular education    Secondary schools Colleges/Universities Seminaries

Council of Trent

► Met over 18 year period (1545-63); Started by Pope Paul III; carried out by Pope Paul IV ► Reaffirmed Catholic teaching ► Paul IV Creates the Index of Forbidden Books any book considered to contain heresy would be burned (including common language Bibles) ► More strict rules for clergy  Including more education for priest ► Banned selling of indulgences!!

Threefold Impact of the Reformation

► ► ► Religious : Ended the Christian result of reform .

unity of Europe; but the Catholic Church becomes more unified as a Social : receive Increase in education due to the establishment of religious schools, colleges and universities. Also, women sought, but did not equality in the church and home.

P olitical : Gave rise to modern nation-states . Also the questioning of authority leads to the Enlightenment in the 1600s/1700s.

What if…?

► What if the leaders of the Catholic Church decided to listen to and address Martin Luther’s 95 Theses instead of trying to silence him?

► Would the Protestant Reformation have taken place?

► Would Christianity in Europe have splintered?