Social Trends of Evening

      Population Growth Transformation in thinking about religion and science Industrialization leads to urbanization and imperialism and population growth Questioning of unionization and proper response to industrialization Social life changes City life different from rural life Transportation advances transform world

Population Growth

 Thomas Malthus sense that population will always out distance food  Population grows dramatically during 19 century Why?

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Transformations in Religion and science

  On the Origin of Species written in 1859 Charles Darwin writes about evolution and belief that humans evolved from lesser forms of life; characteristics of animals survive from generation to generation  Transforms thinking in religious world

Industrialization

 Attracts movement to cities as urbanization becomes fact of life  City life leads to work specialization and leisure time for some; new problems and poverty for others  Socialism viewed as appropriate outcome by Marx and others-Workers unite around the world and overthrow capitalist system

Transportation Revolution

 Steam power sends people up river and across oceans dramatically quicker  Canals connect bodies of water improve water trade techniques Erie, Suez, Panama  Railroads, turnpikes etc.

Imperialism

      Western European and Japanese need for raw materials and trade Western sense of racial superiority-sense of uplifting or bringing civilization to inferior peoples “White Man’s Burden”-Rudyard Kipling justifies imperialism as necessary to civilize Western competition amongst each other Easier to control areas with fewer people because of advanced firearm ability Western imperialism throughout Africa and Asia

Western Empires

      British empire- the sun never set- India, Egypt, Sudan, Canada, South Africa, Caribbean, Australia, Singapore French empire- Caribbean, Indochina, Western Africa Germans- Southern African areas Belgians-Congo Spanish/U.S.- Puerto Rico, Cuba, Philippines Dutch- East Indies (Indonesia)

Africa at turn of century

► Europeans on coast of Africa-little movement inland 1400’s-1800 ► Interest in Nile river and Suez canal possibilities; British eventually step in and control ► Berlin Conference 1880’s European states meet to come up with ground rules over occupation of Africa- 1900 virtually all of continent in European control

Anti Colonialism in Africa

► ► ► ► ► Black resistance against colonials in Sudan in 1870’s; Gordon famous British general killed Black Zulu warriors famous in South Africa resisting British rule Algeria- resistance against French South Africa British establish spot on coast white Dutch known as Afrikaners establish area inland eventually known as Boer wars- 1890’s/1900’s Resistance continues but only successful after World Wars destroy European power

South Africa in last twenty years

► Dutch minority eventually control South Africa and black majority ► Set up policy of apartheid where minority controls all aspects of government and economic benefits of society ► 1980’s great question of world’s responsibility Should U.S. boycott S.Africa?

► S.Africa country with many resources ► 1990’s elections held allowing all to participate

Negative results of colonialism at large in Africa

► African states created by Europeans often includes many different awkward nationalities and religions ► Leads to civil wars Rwanda and others ► Marxists tend to blame Europeans for taking out resources and preventing locals from developing economies in natural progression ► Heart of Darkness: Joseph Conrad 1902 writes about evils of colonialism

India

    British solidify control in 1800’s “Jewel of empire” more wealth and large market for British Positive affects-Bring education, western style governance and architecture, transportation systems, medicine Negative affects-Basic issue of economic exploitation and treatment of Indians and Indian culture as secondary

Sepoy Rebellion a.k.a. War for Indian Independence

    British holdings of India controlled by 200,000 Indians officered by 40,000 Brits Growing intrusion of western culture becomes reason for rebellion Marx writing in 1857 rebellion “the british rulers of India are by no means such mild and spotless benefactors of the Indian people as they would have the world believe.” inevitable economic oppression causes Rebellion fails; British take back control and run India until 1940’s and Gandhi successfully resist

China

      More or less isolated from west in early 1800’s British occupy Hong Kong after Opium wars China gets increasingly occupied by Russians and other Euros John Hay U.S. secretary of State at turn of century encourages Open Door policy for equal trade opportunities for all European nations and U.S.

Eventually China carved up in much the same way as Africa Collapse of old order in China at turn of century linked with Russian, Austrian and Ottoman empires all holding onto traditional means of government with big monarchical empires

U.S./Spanish War

 1898 U.S. joins because of Spanish atrocities in Cuba Yellow Journalism  Theodore Roosevelt/Admiral Dewey/William McKinley big names in war era  U.S. victory opens up possibility of U.S. imperial possessions of Puerto Rico and Philippines

Arguments For Imperialism

 Economics raw materials and markets  Bring Civilization democracy, Christianity, culture  Competition with world  Perception great powers have world colonies need for great navy to bring U.S. presence around the world

Arguments Against

 Goes against trad. foreign policy  U.S. not an empire but a republic  Goes against founding traditions; against what U.S. fought for in 1770’s  Expensive and big military needed to control area  Possible to trade with people without having them as a colony

Resistance

       Aguinaldo organizes resistance against U.S. occupation in 1899 U.S. military force of 120,000 to put down resistance Aguinaldo and guerilla warfare in Philippines U.S. forced to fight against some in local population difficult to not know who is on your side Tough treatment of local population American Anti-Imperialist League mounts anti military writings and discussion of civilian deaths Filipino reaction to the U.S. mixed today