Imperialism

Motives for Imperialism

Motives for Imperialism

•

Economic-

materials need for new markets and raw •

Political

– boost national pride, expand territory, exercise military force •

Social-

racism, Social Darwinism, spread Christianity, white man’s burden

Forms of Colonial Control Forms of Imperialism Characteristics African Example

Colony Protectorate Sphere of Influence Country governed internally by a foreign power Area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges Somaliland by France Country with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power Niger River Delta by Britain Liberia by the United States

Management Methods Indirect Control Direct Control Characteristics Characteristics

-Local officials were used -Limited self-rule -Foreign officials brought into rule -Goal to develop future leaders - No self-rule -Gold assimilation Govt’s based on European Govt’s institutions based only styles, but may have local rulers on European styles

Examples

-British colonies such as Nigeria, India, Burma -U.S. colonies on Pacific Islands

Examples

-French colonies such as Somaliland, Vietnam -German colonies such as Tanganyika

Scramble for Africa

• 1882- King Leopold II of Belgium claims the Congo – Claims to end slavery • 1880- Scramble for Africa begins • Berlin Conference in 1884-85 – Africa divided with little thought to how African ethnic or linguistic groups were distributed • By 1914 only Liberia and Ethiopia remained free from European control

King Leopold

Scramble for Africa

Berlin Conference

Africa 1914

African Conflicts

• South Africa – 1816- Shaka Zulu – Boers and the Great Trek – Boer War 1899-1902 • Ethiopia – Menelik II – Battle of Adowa- Ethiopians defeat Italians

Shaka Zulu

Menelik II

“Heart of Darkness”

Impacts on Africa

• Positive – Reduced Local Warfare – Improved Sanitation – Life Span and Literacy Rates Increased • Negative – Loss of land and independence – Breakdown of traditional culture – Division of Continent

Imperialism in India

• Fall of Mughal Empire- Controlled by British East India Company (“Jewel in the Crown”) • Negative Impacts – Loss of self-sufficiency – Cash crops leads to famine – Indian companies go out of business – Loss of traditional culture • Positive Impacts – Industrialization – Education – Sanitation

Sepoy Rebellion

• Sepoys- Indian soldiers in British Army (mainly Muslim and Hindu) • Rifle Cartridges greased with beef and pork fat • Leads to Sepoy Rebellion • Failed Rebellion leads to Direct Rule (Raj) • New Direct Rule (Raj) paid by Salt Tax • Growing Indian Nationalism / Modernization – Ram Mohun Roy – Indian National Congress – Muslim League

Power Dutch British French Americans

Southeast Asia

Lands Claimed Major Trade Products

Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Bali Oil, Tin, rubber Malaysia, Burma Tin, Rubber Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia Philippines, Hawaii Rice Sugar, Bananas, Pineapples

China Rejects Trade with the West

Opium War

Opium War effects

• Treaty of Nanjing – Britain given Hong Kong – Extraterritorial Rights • Taiping Rebellion • Empress Cixi self-strengthening movement • China Carved into Spheres of Influence – Open Door Policy • Boxer Rebellion

Boxer Rebellion

Japan

• Matthew Perry and the Treaty of Kanagawa • Meiji Era – Modernized gov’t – Modernized army – Modernized education – Modernized economy / Industrialization

Imperial Japan

• Sino-Japanese War – Gained Taiwan and Pescadores Islands • Russo-Japanese War – Disputed land of Manchuria and Korea – Defeated Russians (great humiliation) – Japan annexes Korea in 1910