Transcript The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial
Revolution
The Industrial Revolution is when
people stopped making stuff at home
and started making stuff in factories!

Standard: WHII.9 The student will
demonstrate knowledge of the effects of the
Industrial Revolution during the 19th century
by:
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citing scientific, technological, and industrial
developments and explaining how they brought
about urbanization and social and environmental
changes
explaining the emergence of capitalism as a
dominant economic pattern, and the subsequent
development of socialism and communism
describing the evolution of the nature of work and
the labor force, including its effects on families, the
status of women and children, the slave trade, and
the labor union movement

The Industrial Revolution was a period
from the 18th to the 19th century where
major changes in agriculture, manufacturing,
mining, transportation, and technology had a
profound effect on the socioeconomic and
cultural conditions of the times
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Industrialization: a shift from an agricultural
(farming) economy to one based on industry
(manufacturing)
Key Terms
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Industrialization – a shift from an agricultural
economy (farming) to one based on industry
(manufacturing)
Manufacturing – the use of machines, tools, and labor
to make things for use or sale
Rural – farming or country life; villages (sparsely
populated)
Urban – city life (densely populated)
Urbanization – the movement of people to cities
Tenement – a substandard, multi-family dwelling;
usually old and occupied by the poor
Free market – a market in which there is no economic
intervention and regulation by the state (govt)
Capitalism – private ownership of means of production
Socialism – society (not the individual) owns and
operates the means of production
Turning Points in History:
Industrial Revolution
Introduction:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3EfqaNBkvc (3:31)
Preview:
Reading & Questions

As a quick preview to the Industrial
Revolution, read each passage and answer
the questions that follow
– Overview Topics
 What is a Revolution?
 What Caused the American Industrial Revolution?
 Horrors of the Workplace
– The Beginning of Child Labor
– Working Conditions
– Life in the City
 The Assembly Line
Pre-Industrial Revolution
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Village life
dominated – families
were nearly selfsufficient
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Most villagers were
farmers
Making Cloth Before Machines
 Cottage
 Slow
Industry
process
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 Business
involving
people who worked
at home
Causes of the Industrial Revolution

Agricultural Revolution – improved the quality and
quantity of food
– Farmers mixed different kinds of soil or tried new crop rotation
to get higher yields
– This led to a surplus of food = fewer people died from hunger =
rapid growth in population

Rich landowners pushed ahead with enclosure: the
process of taking over and consolidating land once
shared by peasant farmers (farm output and profits
rose)
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New technologies and new sources of energy and
materials (e.g., James Watt’s steam engine became a
key source of power)
Rapid Population Growth
Population of Britain in 1750
6 million
Population of Britain in 1851
21 million
Population of London in 1750
500,000
Population of London in 1851
3 million
Families in agriculture in 1750
65% of population
Families in agriculture in 1851
25% of population
When we get to the end of this lesson, we will complete a
‘Causes & Effects of the Industrial Revolution’ Graphic Organizer
Causes
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The Industrial
Revolution
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Effects
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Industrial Revolution Begins In
Great Britain
Stable Government
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No wars
Had capital (money) to invest in businesses
Had overseas markets (colonial empire)
Natural Resources
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Coal (energy for machines)
Iron ore (for tools)
Large network of rivers to move products
Labor Supply
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Growing population
Ready workforce
New Technology
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Invention and improvement of steam engine
Industrial Revolution Spreads to
Europe and the United States
The Enclosure Movement
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The process of taking
over and consolidating
land formerly shared by
peasant farmers
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Landowners gained:
– More land for pastures
– Larger fields for crops
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Laborers lost:
– Forced off their lands
– Moved to growing cities
Enclosure
One thing Led to Another
Farmers gained pasture land for animals
 Raised more sheep
 Wool output increased
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Larger fields
 Able to cultivate product more efficiently
 Farm out-put increased
 Profits rose
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Land Enclosure in England
Push Factors:
Where did all the people go?
Fewer worker
needed on the lands
 Farmers forced off
their lands
 Small owners could
not compete
 Villages shrank
 Cities grew – and
GREW!!
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Over London by Rail Gustave Doré c.
1870. Shows the densely populated and
polluted environments created in the
new industrial cities
Migration to Cities
Urbanization
• Urbanization: the movement
of people to cities
• Changes in farming, soaring
population, and an increase
in demand for workers led
people to move from farms
to the cities to work in
factories
• Small towns near natural
resources and cities near
factories boomed instantly
First Major Industry to Form
TEXTILE!
The demand for cloth grew, so merchants had to compete with others for the supplies to make it.
This raised a problem for the consumer because the products were at a higher cost. The solution
was to use machinery, which was cheaper then products made by hand (which took a long time
to create), therefore allowing the cloth to be cheaper to the consumer.
Remember the ‘Spinning
Jenny’? It reduced the
amount of time and
work needed to produce
yarn (increased
productivity)
Textile Factory Workers in England
1813
2400 looms
150, 000 workers
1833
85, 000 looms
200, 000 workers
1850
224, 000 looms
>1 million workers
Growth of Industry
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Growth of factories
– As demand for cloth
grew, inventors came up
with new machines (e.g.,
flying shuttle, spinning
jenny)
– To house these new
machines, manufacturers
built the first factories
– New machines and
factories increased
production
– By the 1850s, factories
began to be powered by
coal and steam engines
Technological Advances that
Produced the Industrial Revolution
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Spinning Jenny: James Hargreaves
Steam Engine: James Watt
Cotton Gin: Eli Whitney
Process for making Steel: Henry
Bessemer
Spinning Jenny: 1764
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Invented by James
Hargreaves
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At the time, cotton
production could not
keep up with demand
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This machine spun many
threads at the same
time, thus reducing the
amount of work needed
to produce yarn
(increased productivity =
produced yarn quickly)
Modern Steam Engine: 1763-1775
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Improved by James Watt
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Offered a dramatic
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Could be used to
drive many different
types of machinery
(by the 1850s, most
factories were powered by the steam engine)
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Increased the demand for coal to heat the water
to produce steam (and the need for coal miners)
increase in fuel
efficiency
Cotton Gin: 1793
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Invented by Eli Whitney to mechanize the
cleaning of cotton
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A machine that quickly and easily separates the
cotton fibers from the seeds, a job previously
done by hand
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Led to the demand for
more slaves
(Henry) Bessemer Process for
the Manufacture of Steel: 1856
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Bessemer process
involved using oxygen in
air blown through molten
pig iron to burn off the
impurities and thus create
steel
Lowered the cost of steel
production, leading to
steel being widely
substituted for cast iron
 Steel used for the
production of guns and
railway structures such as
bridges and tracks
Technology
The Industrial Revolution was built on
rapid advances in technology
 Which of these three inventions most
changed the way that raw materials,
goods, and people moved?
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The Impact of the Railroad
•Transportation
innovation that most
changed the way raw
materials, goods, and
people moved
•Allowed
communication and
trade between places
previously deemed
too far
Factories and Factory Towns
Where employees worked
Major change from cottage industry
 Had to leave home to work (travel to cities)
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Working in a factory
No safety codes = dangerous work for all
Poor factory conditions (e.g., no heat or a/c, dirty, smelly, cramped)
Long workdays (12-14 hours)
Little pay (men compete with women and children for wages)
 Child labor = kept costs of production low and profits high
 Mind-numbing monotony (doing the same thing all day every day)
 Owners of mines and factories exercised control over lives of laborers
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Life in factory towns
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Towns grew up around factories and coal mines
Pollution, poor sanitation, no health codes = sickness
Rapid population growth
Poor lived in crowded tiny rooms in tenements (multistory buildings divided
into apartments)
Conditions in
Factories
Dangerous
Machinery
Monotony
Dirty
Cramped spaces
Young women in the textile mills of
Massachusetts died at an average age of
26, constantly inhaling cotton dust,
working long hours in unventilated rooms
lit by oil lamps
Testimonials on
Labor Conditions
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Testimony of William Cooper, a witness
before the Sadler Commission in 1832
Child Labor
•Young children
•Long hours
•Poor treatment
•Dangerous conditions
Children of the Industrial
Revolution
Video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kfuUoINOU5I&
feature=fvwrel (Music 6:00)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7cK6Q4bdKfM
&feature=related (Documentary 9:58)
Pictures:
http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/childlab
or/
Testimony from
Child Labor in the Mines
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The Ashley Mines Investigation of 1842
– Children: James Pearce (12), William Drury
(10), and Patience Kershaw (17)
– Mine Manager: Edward Potter
– Mine Owner: William Newbould
Life in Factory Towns
Rapid Population Growth
Cramped Tenements
Poor
Sanitation
Pollution
Housing
Tenement = a substandard,
multi-family dwelling, usually old
and occupied by the poor
Built cheaply
Multiple stories
 No running water
 No toilet
 Sewer down the middle of street
 Trash thrown out into street
 Crowded (5+ people living in
one room)
 Breeding grounds for diseases
 Pollution from factory smoke
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Factories and Mass Production
The factory system changed the world of work;
Mass Production = the production of large amounts of standardized
products, especially on assembly lines
Mass Production
Effects
• Mass production began in
U.S.
• Dramatic increase in
production
• Elements:
• Businesses charged less
– Interchangeable parts
• Affordable goods
– Assembly line
• More repetitious jobs
• Production and repair faster
and more efficient
• Soon became norm
Assembly Line
Workers on an assembly line add parts to
a product that moves along the belt from
one work station to the next
 A different person performs each task
along the assembly line
 This division of labor made production
faster and cheaper, lowering the price of
goods
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First Assembly Line:
Henry Ford - Automobiles
Rise of Labor Unions
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Encouraged workerorganized strikes to demand
increased wages and
improved working
conditions
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Lobbied for laws to improve
the lives of workers,
including women and
children
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Wanted workers’ rights and
collective bargaining
between labor and
management
The Jungle
Upton Sinclair
– Written in 1906 to point out the troubles of the
working class and the corruption of the American
meatpacking industry in the early 20th Century
– Depicts poverty, absence of social programs,
unpleasant living and working conditions, and
hopelessness prevalent among the working class,
which is contrasted with the deeply-rooted corruption
of those in power
The Jungle
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Jurgis Rudkus:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kHF_B
WfSPik (2:46)
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Documentary:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M1aZb
qjBF7A&feature=related (9:52)
The Jungle
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Your Job:
– Read ‘About Upton Sinclair,’ author of The
Jungle
– Read ‘The Jungle: Plot Overview’
– Read ‘Brief Chapter Introduction for Chapter 3
of The Jungle’
– Read ‘Chapter 3 of The Jungle’
– Read ‘ Extra: Sinclair’s The Jungle Turns 100’
– On a separate sheet of paper, answer the
Comprehension Questions
Legislation Resulting from The Jungle
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Meat Inspection Act of 1906 (sanitary
standards)
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Pure Food and Drug Act (food and drug
tests, labels on food products)
Extension Activity
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Your Job: Pretend that you are one of the
following people working in a factory during the
Industrial Revolution:
– 12-year old boy/girl
– Mother of four with no husband to support the family
– Immigrant father from Lithuania
Research the living conditions and working
conditions that you faced during the Industrial
Revolution
 Write a 2-page journal entry depicting your
struggles, fears, frustrations, and hopes for the
future
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Consider these issues when
writing your journal entry:
Growth of cities
and migration
Living
conditions: no
safety codes
Working
conditions:
unfair labor
practices
Class tensions:
the rise of the
middle class
Large Gaps between Rich & Poor
The “HAVES”
Bourgeois Life Thrived on the
Luxuries of the Industrial
Revolution
The “HAVE-NOTS”
The Poor, The Over-Worked,
and the Destitute
“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life
New Ways of Thinking:
Economic Patterns
Capitalism vs. Socialism
Capitalism
Economic system in which the means of
production are privately owned and
operated for a private profit
 Free-market economy: decisions regarding
supply, demand, price, distribution, and
investments are made by private actors
 Profit goes to owners who invest in the
business
 Wages are paid to workers employed by
companies and businesses
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Stereotype of the Factory Owner
The Socialists:
Utopians & Marxists
 People as a society would operate and own the
means of production, not individuals
 Their goal was a society that benefited
everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few
 Tried to build perfect communities [utopias]
Karl Marx: Communism
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Wrote: The Communist Manifesto, 1848
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A response to the injustices of capitalism;
argued that capitalism would produce internal
tensions which would lead to its destruction
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Communism = a political philosophy that aims
for a classless and stateless society structured
upon common ownership of the means of
production and an end to private property
“Class struggle between employers and employees is inevitable.
Instead of capitalism with its emphasis on greediness and
selfishness, the new society ruled by the proletariat
(working class) will ensure social, economic, and political
equality for everyone.”
Capitalism vs. Communism
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Capitalism:
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Capitalism “ReDefinitions”
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Communism “ReDefinitions”
– an economic and social system in
which capital
is privately owned
– labor, goods and capital are
traded in markets; and
– profits distributed to owners or
invested in technologies and
industries.
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Communism:
– a social structure in which classes
are abolished
– property is commonly controlled
– A dictatorship of the workers
Effects of the Industrial
Revolution
How did industrialization
change the way of life?
Size ↑
Large gaps
between the
rich and the poor
Changes brought by
industrialization
Class Tensions
Cities
Factories
Living Conditions
No safety
codes
Sickness
Working Conditions
Long hours,
Little pay
The rise of the
middle class
Dangerous
conditions
Positive Effects
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Increased world productivity
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Growth of railroads (faster and more
efficient transportation of goods and
people)
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New entrepreneurs emerged (more
money = more technology/inventions)
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New inventions improved quality of life
for many
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Labor eventually organized (unions) to
improve working conditions
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Laws were enacted to enforce health
and safety codes in cities and factories
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New opportunities for women
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Rise of the middle class – size, power,
and wealth expanded
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Social structure becomes more flexible
Negative Effects: Factory Life
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Child labor used in factories &
mines
Miserable (dirty, cramped) and
dangerous (fingers, limbs, &
lives lost) working conditions
Monotonous work with heavy,
noisy, repetitive machinery
Long working hours – six days
a week, with little pay
Rigid schedules ruled each day
Gas, candle & oil lamps
created soot and smoke in
factories
Diseases such as pneumonia &
tuberculosis spread through
factories
Negative Effects: Labor Practices &
Housing Issues
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Labor unrest leads to
demonstrations (sometimes
violent)
Strikes take place
Women were paid less than
men (were actually preferred)
Indentured workers
Employers had a more
impersonal relationship with
employees
Tenement housing was poorly
constructed, crowded, and
cold
Human and industrial waste
contaminated water supplies –
typhoid and cholera spread
Negative Effects: Worldwide
Air pollution increased over
cities and industrial areas
 Technological changes
eroded the balance of
power in Europe
 Contributed to the growth
of imperialism and
communism (Marx’s &
Engels’ theories)
 Produced weaponry that
gave Western nations a
military advantage over
developing nations
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Not Necessarily Good or Bad
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The location of work places changed as
more goods were produced away from the
home environment (towns/factories)
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Educational systems emphasized more
science, technology, and business
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A global economy began to emerge
(trade)
Individual Assignment
Select two effects of the Industrial
Revolution that you believe were the most
significant (ONE positive effect and ONE
negative effect)
 Write 3-4 paragraphs answering the
following questions:
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– How did the nature of work and the labor
force evolve from pre-Industrial times through
the Industrial Revolution?
– What were the two most significant effects of
the Industrial Revolution and why?
Directions:
Complete the ‘Causes & Effects of the Industrial Revolution’ Graphic
Organizer, identifying at least 3 causes and 3 effects
Causes
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The Industrial
Revolution
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Effects
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Summary: Social Effects
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Increase in population of cities
Women and children enter the workplace as cheap labor
Rise of labor unions
Introduction of reforms
– Laws to protect children in the workplace
– Minimum wage and maximum hour laws
– Federal safety and health standards
Growth of the middle class
 Increased production and higher demand for raw
materials = growth of worldwide trade
 Expansion of education
 Women’s increased demands for suffrage
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Advantages of the Industrial Revolution
– Goods were able to be produced much more cheaply
– There were greater job opportunities
– There was an increase in wealth and in general
quality of life
– An independent urban manufacturing business force
arose
– New inventions and innovations occurred; information
spread, making the world “smaller”
– Spurred the rise of large cities