Transcript ###Business Economics - PowerPoint Presentation

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Business Economics
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Business Economics
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The Growth of Firms
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The Growth of Firms
Internal Growth:
• Generated through increasing
sales
• To increase sales firms need to:
– Market effectively
– Invest in new equipment and capital
– Invest in labour
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The Growth of Firms
External Growth:
• Through amalgamation, merger
or takeover (acquisitions)
• Mergers – agreed amalgamation
between two firms
• Takeover – One firm seeking
control over another
– Could be ‘friendly’ or ‘hostile’
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External Growth
• Vertical Integration
• Horizontal Integration
• Conglomerate Merger
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The Growth of Firms
External growth – types of
acquisition:
• Vertical integration –
amalgamation, merger or takeover
at different stages of the
productive process
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Vertical Integration
Primary
Secondary
Manufacturer
Tertiary
Retail Stores
Vertical
Integration
Backwards –
acquisition takes
place towards the
source
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Vertical Integration
Primary
Dairy Farming Cooperative
Secondary
Cheese Processing
Plant
Vertical
Integration
Forwards –
acquisition takes
place towards the
market
Tertiary
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Horizontal Integration
• Amalgamation, merger or takeover
at the same stage of the
productive process
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Horizontal Integration
Primary
Confectionery
Secondary Manufacturer
Soft Drinks
Manufacturer
Tertiary
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Conglomerate Acquisition
• Amalgamation, merger or takeover
of firms in different lines of
business.
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Motives
• Cost Savings
– External growth may be
cheaper than internal
growth – acquiring an
underperforming or
young firm may
represent a cost
effective method of
growth
• Managerial Rewards
– External growth may
satisfy managerial
objectives – power,
influence, status
• Shareholder Value
– Improve the value of the
overall business for
shareholders
• Asset Stripping
– Selling off valuable parts
of the business
• Economies of Scale
– The advantages of large
scale production that
lead to lower unit costs
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Motives
• Efficiency
– Improve technical, productive
or allocative efficiency
• Synergy
– The whole is more efficient
than the sum of the parts (2
+ 2 = 5!)
• Control of Markets
– Gain some form of
monopoly power
– Control supply
– Secure outlets
• Risk Bearing
– Diversification to spread
risks
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Key Issues
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Key Issues
• Divorce between ownership and control –
who runs the business?
– Shareholders?
– Board of Directors?
• Principal-Agent Relationship:
– Shareholders act as principals, Board as agents –
principals expect agents to act in their interest
– Sub-contracting work operates on a similar basis
– Contracts and compensation procedures to ensure
agents act on behalf of principals
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Key Issues
• The Law of Diminishing Returns:
– Increasing successive units of a variable
factor to a fixed factor will increase
output but eventually the addition to
output will start to slow down and would
eventually become negative
• To prevent diminishing returns setting in,
all factors need to be increased – returns
to scale
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Key Issues
Diminishing Returns –
assume the amount of
land/plant was fixed.
Adding labour and capital
units would initially
increase output but the
rate at which output
would rise will start to
decline and eventually
would become negative
unless the amount of
land/plant was increased
to accommodate the
increase in variable
factors.
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Diminishing Returns –
Graphical representation
Output
Total Product (TP)
Quantity of the
variable factor
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Efficiency
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Productive
• Lowest Cost
– Productive efficiency can be achieved
where the same output could be
produced at lower total cost
– Achieved through re-organisation
(e.g. to cell production), investment
in new technology, training for staff
and so on
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Technical
• Minimum inputs
– Technical efficiency can be achieved
if the same output can be produced
using fewer inputs
– Can be achieved using labour saving
devices, more efficient machinery,
more effective re-organisation of
restructuring and so on
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Allocative
• Needs of Consumers (P = MC)
• Allocative efficiency occurs where the goods
and services being produced match the
demand by consumers
• P = MC – the value placed on the product
by the buyer (the price) = the cost of the
resources used to generate the good/service
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Social
• MSC = MSB
• Social efficiency occurs where the private and
social cost of production is equal to the private
and social benefits derived from their
consumption
• A measure of social welfare
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Motives of Firms
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Profit Maximisation
• Profit maximisation – assumed to be the
standard motive of firms in the private sector
• Profit maximisation occurs where Marginal
Cost = Marginal Revenue
• MC = MR
• The firm will continue to increase output up to
the point where the cost of producing one
extra unit of output = the revenue received
from selling that last unit of output
• This assumes that firms seek to operate at
maximum efficiency
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Profit Maximisation – Diagrammatic Representation
Cost/Revenue
MC
150
145
140
Reduces
total
profit by
this
amount
Total
added
to profit
120
Added to
total
Added
profit
to total
profit
40
30
20
18
100
101
102 103
104
Assume output is at
the
process
firm
were
continues
to
100
units.
The
MC
IfIfThe
the
MC
MR
firm
–
–the
decides
The
addition
cost
toof
th
th
produce
for
each
the
successive
104100
unit,
producing
the
produce
to
total
one
revenue
more
unit
as–
of
producing
this
unit
produced.
unit
cost
isst20.
the
101
alast
result
– the
ofwould
addition
ONE
extra
unit
more
Provided
tocost
produce
the
MCthan
is18, it
to
total
producing
is
now
one
The
MR
received
from
earns
less
than
in
revenue
the
MR
(-105)
it
the
addition
of
more
production
unit
to
of
total
th
selling
that
100 total
unit
this
willoutput
would
be is
worth
reduce
revenue
140
–
the
–
the
price
firm
is
150.
The
firm
can
profit
expanding
and
soto
output
would
not
will
add
received
128
from
profitas
– it
add
the
difference
of
the
worth
difference
producing.
isbe
worth
selling
expanding
thatthe
extra
the
cost
and
between
the two is
output.
unit.
The
profit received
maximising
revenue
from
ADDED to
total
profit.
th unit MR
output
is where
that 100
to =
MC.
profit (130).
MR
Output
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Revenue Maximisation
•
•
•
•
Total Revenue
Average Revenue
Marginal Revenue
In this model the policies to achieve revenue
maximisation may be different to those
adopted to maximise profits
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Other Objectives of Firms
• Sales maximisation:
– Attempts to maximise the volume of sales
rather than the revenue gained from them
• Share Price Maximisation:
– Pursuing policies aimed at increasing the
share price
• Profit Satisficing:
– Generating sufficient profits to satisfy
shareholders but maximising the rewards to
the managers/board and avoiding attention
from rivals or regulatory authorities
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Behavioural Objectives
• Modern firms have to attempt to match
competing stakeholder needs:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Shareholders
Employees
Consumers
Suppliers
Government
Local communities
Environment
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Behavioural Objectives
• Firms may have to balance out
their responsibilities:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
‘Fat cat pay’
Management rewards – bonuses, etc.
Social and environmental audits
Employee welfare
Meeting consumer needs
Paying suppliers on time
Satisfying shareholders and ‘The City’ about
its policies, plans and actions
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