Transcript Members and Representatives

Treaty of Versailles
Members and Representatives
• Members and Reps: “Five European Great
Powers”
1.Austria- ruler
2.Prussia- ruler
3.Russia- ruler
4.Great Britain- foreign minister
5.France- foreign minister
Goals
• Established lasting peace and
stability in Europe
• Prevent future French aggression
• Restore balance of power
• Restore royal families to thrones
Actions Taken
•
•
•
•
•
Formed the kingdom of the Netherlands
Created the German Confederation
Recognized independence of Switzerland
Added Genoa to the Kingdom of Sardinia
Required France to return territories
conquered by Napoleon (but left France a
major power)
• Affirmed the principle of legitimacy
Legacy
Short term:
• Conservatives regained control of governments
• Triggered revolts in colonies
Long term:
• Created an age of peace in Europe
• Diminished the power of France
• Increased the power of Britain and Prussia
• Sparked the growth of nationalism
Explain Klemens von Metternich’s
efforts to create peace and stability in
Europe (balance of power, Concert of
Europe)
• Sought to maintain peace between European
nations by creating a balance of power among rival
countries so no country would be a threat to the
others.
• Set up a series of alliances called the Concert of
Europe to prevent revolutions, which required
nations to help one another if a revolution erupted.
Europe Faces Revolutions
1.French citizens’ armies win their
revolution for liberty and equality
Outcome:
• fueled nationalist movements and revolutions
throughout Europe
2. Greeks revolt against the
Ottoman Turks.
Outcome:
• a joint British, French and Russian fleet
defeated the Ottomans
• Greece gains its independence
3. Nationalist groups in Budapest, Prague,
and Vienna demand independence and
self- government.
Outcome:
• Leads to the forced resignation of Metternich
• Triggers liberal uprisings throughout the
German states
– Revolutionaries’ failure to unite eventually leads
to a return of conservatism
4. Charles X tries to set up an
absolute monarchy in France.
Outcome:
• Riots break out which force Charles to flee to
Britain
• Was replaced with Louis- Philippe
– A supporter of liberal reforms
5. Paris mobs overthrow monarchy
of Louis Philippe.
Outcome:
• A republican government is set up
• Factions turn to violence, resulting in bloody
battles
6. Louis- Napoleon Bonaparte is elected
president of France and later assumes the
title of Emperor Napoleon III
Outcome:
• Under his strong rule, prosperity, peace and
stability are restored in France
7. In the Crimean War, Czar
Nicholas I threatens to take over
part of the Ottoman Empire
Outcome:
• Russia was defeated by combined forces of
France, Great Britain, Sardinia, and the
Ottomans
• After the war, Alexander II began to modernize
Russia
8. Alexander II issues the Edict of
Emancipation
Outcomes:
• Serfs were legally free but remained tied to
the land though debts
Nationalism Case Study: Italy and
Germany
How did nationalism lead to the
breakup of these empires?
1. Austro- Hungarian
•
Nationalists disputes led to the division of the empire into two
states, Austria and Hungary.
•
After WWI the empire divided into separate nation states.
2. Russian
•
Nationalist feeling of non- Russian peoples fueled by Russification
weakened the empire which fell as a result of war and revolution.
3. Ottoman Empire
•
Conservative Turks, angered by the Ottoman policy of granting
equal citizenship to nationalist groups caused tension that
weakened and eventually broke up the empire.
How did each of the following help unify Italy?
4. Camillo di Cavour
• Prime minister of the Sardinian king
• Worked to expand the empire
• Through war, alliances, and help of nationalist rebels he eventually
unified Italy
5. Giuseppe Garibaldi
• Captured Sicily and united the southern areas of Italy he conquered
with the kingdom of Piedmont- Sardinia
6. King Victor Emmanuel
• Pulled together northern and southern regions of Italy and took over
the Papal states unifying Italy
How did each of the following lead to German
unification?
7. Policy of realpolitik
• This policy of though politics allowed Bismarck to expand Prussia and
achieve dominance over Germany.
8. Seven Week’s War
• Victory over Austria gave Prussia control over northern Germany.
9. Franco- Prussian War
• Victory over France motivated southern Germany to accept Prussian
leadership.