Transcript Chapter 7 Audio: Music and Talk Across Media

Chapter 7
Audio:
Music and Talk Across Media
Storing Sound
• 1877: Edison invents phonograph, records
sound on foil cylinders.
• 1888: Emile Berliner develops gramophone,
plays music on mass produced discs.
• 1953: Hi-Fi is combination of technologies to
create better music reproduction.
Signals at a Distance
• 1844: Samuel Morse’s telegraph allowed
messages to be sent over wires.
• 1890s: Guglielmo Marconi develops wireless
telegraph.
• 1905: Reginald Fessenden makes Christmas
Eve broadcast with voices and music.
Radio Music Box Memo
• Written in 1915 by American Marconi
engineer David Sarnoff.
• Suggested major uses for radio as mass
communication tool including news, music,
and sports.
• More receivers than transmitters.
RCA Monopoly
• Radio Corporation of America created to bring
together patents, develop radio as medium.
• Composed of General Electric, AT&T,
Westinghouse, & United Fruit Company.
• United Fruit Company???
Held many radio patents to communicate with
ships carrying fruit.
• 1920: KDKA in Pittsburgh launched as first
commercial radio station.
How To Make Money With Radio?
• Taxes?
• Selling radios?
• Advertising
Growth of Radio Networks
• Sarnoff saw NBC as source of programming.
• William Paley saw CBS as advertising medium.
• ABC was splintered off from NBC.
Golden Age of Radio
• Music
• Drama
Little Orphan Annie, The Lone Ranger, The
Shadow
• Soap operas
Guiding Light started on radio in 1937, moved
to television in 1952, ran until 2009
Golden Age of Radio
Amos ‘n’ Andy
• Started in 1926, became most popular show
on radio.
• Story of two African American men;
writers/actors were white.
• Controversial, but popular with both black
and white audiences; portrayed a black
middle class.
The BBC
• British Broadcasting Company created as
public service in the 1920s.
• During World War II was international voice
against Nazis, transmitting around the world
on shortwave.
• Current BBC reaches 95 percent of world’s
population, uses Internet as well as FM,
shortwave, and satellite.
Rock ‘n’ Roll & Musical
Integration
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Rhythm & blues
Hillbilly music
Rock ‘n’ roll
Dewey Phillips attracted multi-racial audience
for Red, Hot & Blue radio show
• 1950s: Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry
• 1950s and 1960s: Motown
British Invasion
A rougher sound from British bands
• The Beatles
• The Who
• The Rolling Stones
• Dusty Springfield
• Many others
Role of Producers
• Producer: job is to oversee and manage the
recording of an artist’s music. A producer has
many roles that may include, but are not
limited to, gathering ideas for the project,
selecting songs and/or musicians, coaching
the artist and musicians in the studio,
controlling the recording sessions…
Role of Producers
• and supervising the entire process through
mixing and mastering. Producers also often
take on a wider entrepreneurial role, with
responsibility for the budget, schedules, and
negotiations
Effects of Music on Young People
• Have always been concerns about effects of
lyrics on young people.
• Rap and hip-hop have attracted lots of
controversy.
• Fears of hidden or “back masked” lyrics.
• Middle-class white parents concerned about
effects of black music.
Changing Musical Formats
• Always a conflict over what format will be
used to distribute music.
• LPs (Long Play) vs. 45s shorter less songs
Rise of Digital Music
• Digital CDs introduced in early 1980s, sold for
premium price.
• With analog recordings, quality of copies
degrades with each generation.
• Digital recordings allow consumers to make
perfect copies.
Consequences of Digital Music
• Consumers “share” music over the Internet,
violating copyright law.
• But artists can use Internet to promote music
directly to consumers, bypassing record
labels.
Radio Business
Popular Radio Formats
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Country
12.7%
News/Talk/Info
10.7%
Adult Contemporary 7.2%
Top 40
5.6%
Classic Rock
4.5%
Radio Business
Talk Radio
• Political talk radio
Most political talk is conservative; Rush
Limbaugh, Sean Hannity most popular.
• Shock Jocks
Howard Stern, Opie and Anthony, Bubba the
Love Sponge.
• All-sports radio
Passionate listeners who won’t change
channels.
Radio Consolidation
• Broadcast ownership largely deregulated with
Telecommunications Act of 1996.
• Prior to 1985, a single entity could own no
more than 7 AM and 7 FM stations nationwide.
• After 1996, could own unlimited number of
radio stations.
• By 2003, Clear Channel owned 1,200+ stations
Public Radio
• NPR founded in 1967
• All Things Considered goes on the air in 1971
• NPR’s Morning Edition news show has bigger
audience than any of the morning TV
programs
• NPR’s Web site is key part of network’s
strategy.
• Is no longer National Public Radio, just NPR.
The Changing Musical Experience
• Death of social music.
• Rise of the “personal soundtrack” with Sony
Walkman, followed by iPod and other MP3
players.
• Can lead to “withdrawal from social
connections.”
Future of Sound
Radio
• HD trying to bring new life to broadcast radio,
but few receivers.
• Satellite Radio—XM and Sirius merge.
• Are people willing to pay for subscription
radio?
Future of Sound
Long Tail Alternatives
• Webcasting
Streaming sound over the Internet
• Podcasting
Downloading programs to take with you on
your MP3 player.
New Economic Models
for Music Industry
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CD sales declining.
Pirating and illegal file sharing common.
Artists need new ways to make money
Touring, sale of merchandise, commercial
endorsements, direct sales of music to
consumers are all options.