Transcript Slide 1

Growth of Russia
Mongolian influence
Ivan’s
Time of Troubles
Romanov’s
Western or Not Western
Russia and its Neighbors:
An Historical Approach to Contemporary Problems
Rise and Fall of the Russian Empire
• Ancient Peoples and Early Centers (862-1240)
– Kievan Rus
– Novgorod
– Muscovy
• Under Mongol Rule – the Golden Horde
– Rule from the Steppe (1240-1487)
– Tribute of the boyars
• The Muscovite Era and Growth of the Russian Empire
• Impact of the Romanov Family (1689-1917)
• Revolution and the End of the Monarchy
Under Mongol Rule:
(1240-1487)
Mongol Empire
Ghengis Khan
The Golden Hoard of the Mongol Empire
Territorial Shift
• Much of the territory added to Russia was
Asian
– Partially because they wished to create a
buffer zone from the Mongolians
• The political center of Russia shifted from
Novgorod and Kiev to the Duchy of
Moscow
• Later under Peter the Great their was a
cultural shift to the “window to the west”
Impact of Mongolians
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Military tactics and organization
Development of trade routes.
Postal road network
Census
Fiscal system
Eastern influence remained strong well
until the 18th century, when Russian rulers
made a conscious effort to Westernize
their country.
The Muscovite Era and Growth of the Russian Empire:
Late 1400s-Early 1500s
Ivan III "The Great"
1462-1505
The Cossacks Expand Across Siberia: Late 1500s to mid 1600s
Impact of shift
• Russians sent Cossacks to hold the newly
acquired land
– Cossacks were peasants who migrated to
these new areas
• Trade from China was refocused through
Russia
Russian progress
• Ivan III wrested Russia from Mongolian control
• Russia was mostly an agrarian civilization (95% until 1800s)
– The power of the boyars differed from the aristocracy in the west in that
they continued to use coercive labor systems and wield power over the
serfs with the Bashina and obrok until after 1917
– Russian serfdom became hereditary in 1649
• Ivan the Great (III) declared that Russia had become the “third
Rome” , inheriting the claim from the declining Byzantine
Empire (defeat to the Ottoman’s in 1452)
• Ivan IV (terrible 1533-1584)) tried to solidify Russian authority
by controlling the boyars
• Following his death there was a period of unrest known as the
“Time of Troubles” resulting in the Romanov dynasty coming
to power
• It wasn’t until 1770’s until the Pugachev rebellion that there
was any dissension
– Many of the peasants identified their culture and political asperasions
with this rebellion
Ivan IV "The Terrible"
(1533-1584)
Ivan killed his son Ivan
Fedor the Simple
Boris Gudinov
Autocrats
• Michael was the first Romanov
• He was able to establish some stability but
did not re-establish the autocracy of the
emperor or czar
• He expanded into the Ukraine and re-united
Kiev with the rest of Russia
• He waged a successful war against Poland
While others were reforming…
• Alexis was able to re-establish the power
of the czar by outlawing assemblies of the
boyars
• He also re-organized the Orthodox Church
• Those who would not reform were called
the Old believers and many were exiled to
Siberia for their conservative views
What was the nature of early Russian expansion
under the Ivans
• Early expansion focused on central Asia
• Need to drive Mongols farther from Russia
• Extended to Ural Mountains on west and Caspian Sea to the
south
• Recruited peasants to migrate to newly conquered territories
• Served both agricultural and military purposes-Cossacks
• New territories similar to Western colonialism, became
economically dependent on Russia
• Eliminated independent central Asia as source of nomadic
invasions
• Incorporated many ethnic and religious groups into empire
Growth of the Russian Empire: The Romanovs
Peter Romanov
"The Great"
1689-1725
In what way did Peter the Great reform the economy and
government of Russia through Westernization
• built up metallurgical and mining industries
• primary purpose was to make military technology, remain
independent of West
• supplied industries with cheap labor source from serfs.
• Politics: seized on absolutist forms of government in West
• organized military along Western lines
• built navy
• completed destruction of noble councils
• provincial governors appointed from center
• rationalized law codes
• new tax system installed
• Basically streamlined the bureaucracy and reorganized the
military
• His wars with Sweden and the Ottoman Empire indicated a
shift from Asian expansion
Growth of the Russian Empire: The Romanovs
Czarina Catherine the Great
1762-1796
Focus in the Nineteenth Century: Central Asia and Far East
Grand Duchy of Muscovy
(Czar Ivan the Terrible - 1547-1584)
(Czar Peter the Great- 1682-1725)
Western Orientation - St Petersburg
Czarina Catherine the Great
(1760-1796) Expands south and east
Percent of the Population Non-Russian in Russia
In what ways were the policies of Westernization
undertaken by Peter the Great and Catherine the Great
more appearance than substance
• Peter the Great:
– cultural changes only affected elite
– no attempt to extend reforms to masses
– economic reforms significant, but no attempt to establish
exporting industries, only interested in military
technology.
• Catherine the Great:
– interested in French Enlightenment, but introduced no
meaningful reform along Enlightenment lines
– no attempt to cure problems of coercive labor system
– legal system actually made harsher
– nobility given almost absolute control over masses
– government lost contact with serfs in return for
aristocratic government service.
What were the primary differences by the eighteenth
century between Russia and the West?
• Dominance of the nobility greater than in West
• dependent on increasingly coercive system of
serfdom as West was developing different labor
patterns
• by 1649 serfdom was a hereditary caste
• failure of urbanization
• lack of substantial merchant class left state in
control of capitalizing industrial development
• remained almost entirely agricultural
• could not avoid dependence on West.
Eastern Europe
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Triest – Elbe line
Weaker centralized governments
Coercive labor systems
Hungary – 95% agrarian through 1800s
Poland – Partition of Poland
Peter the Great’s map
Timer Lane’s Empire