Transcript 中国科技政策 - 中华人民共和国外交部

China’s S&T Policies &
Collaboration with India
Science & Technology Department
Embassy of the People’s Republic of China
February 2007
Basic Facts on
China’s Science
and Technology
2
China’s Economy in 2006
 Gross Domestic Product (GDP):
 ¥ 20.94 trillion Yuan (RMB)
 $ 2,600 billion dollars
 Fourth largest economy
 GDP per capita:
 ¥ 15,800 RMB
 $ 1,950 Dollars
 GDP Growth:
 Agriculture: 14%
 Industry:
52%
 Services:
34%
in the world

Shanghai, Guangzhou
$10,000 GDP per capita

Large cities $4000-8000
GDP per capita

Many rural areas way
below $1,000
3
R&D Activities by Funding Resources
Total funding on
R&D ¥ 300 billion
RMB in 2006 ($
38 billion dollars)
4
1991～2004 Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D
R&D input against GDP:
1995
2000
2005
2020
0.6%
1.0%
1.3%
2.5%
Central & local government
S&T appropriation
6
GERD in selected countries
7
R&D expenditure in countries
by type of activity
8
In 2004 S&T papers of selected countries
catalogued by SCI, EI and ISTP
SCI, ISTP & EI
Country
Papers
%
1,760,620
100.00
USA
520,297
29.55
1
Japan
138,995
7.89
2
UK
134,685
7.65
3
Germany
123,369
7.01
4
China
111,356
6.32
5
France
82,981
4.71
6
Italy
67,790
3.85
7
Russia
40,369
2.29
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India
34,348
1.95
14
World Total
Rankings
9
Patent applications filed and granted by SIPO
10
S&T human resources
S&T professionals (in 1000 full time equivalents)
1998
755.2
1999
821.7
2000
922.1
2001
956.5
2002
1035.1
2003
1094.8
2004
1200.0
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Science Diplomats from China
About 130 in total of 45 countries
 A dual administration: dispatched by MOST,
managed by MOFA
 S&T sections with 6-8 persons:

Washington DC, London, Paris, Berlin, Brussels,
Moscow, Tokyo

With 3-4 persons:
Rome, NY, SF, Huston, Delhi, Stockholm, Ottawa,
Canberra…

With 2 persons:
LA, Chicago, Seoul, Tel Aviv, Pretoria, Cairo,
Prague…
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Challenges and
Opportunities
13
GDP Growth Rate: China vs. Other Countries
Can China sustain for
further 20 years high growing?
GDP增长率的国际比较
10.00%
China
8.00%
6.00%
Developing
4.00%
World Average
2.00%
Developed
0.00%
1998
1999
China
中国GDP增长率
Developing countries
发展中国家GDP增长率
2000
2001
年份
2002
World average
全球GDP增长率
Developed countries
发达国家GDP增长率
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China’s success
in the past 20 years largely by:

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
Relatively low cost labour
forces
Abundant domestic market
Extensive resources input
Assimilation of technology
High saving rate (~50%)
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S&T Section Chinese Embassy
Quadruple Economic Growth
GDP
¥ 40 tn
per capita GDP
energy consumption
reduces 4% each year
¥ 10 tn
2000
main pollutants cut
40% by 2020
2020
16
Domestic Oil supply and demand
By 2005 importing oil
over 120 million tons
Million Tons
200
Annual Import
Domestic Production
150
Total Consumption
100
Annual Export
1980
1985
1990 1993 1995
2000
Year
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NATIONAL ROLES : POLICY AND CATALYTIC PROGRAMS
High Technology
BASIC R&D
1982
1982
Key Technology
R&D Program
1986
1986
SPARK
PROGRAM
1988
1997
1988
863
PROGRAM
TORCH
PROGHRAM
973
PROGRAM
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Major Achievements on S&T
Development (1)

Fourth country in the world
with technology on
launching multiple satellites
in single rocket carrier

Third country in the world
to launch manned spacecraft

Earth observation
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Major Achievements on S&T
Development (2)

Optical fibers

3G standard TD-SCDMA

Next generation of
Internet IPv6

Super hybrid rice and
genetic modified anti-pest
cotton

Vaccines for hepatitis B,
bird flu
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Critical Problems and Challenges
in China S&T
Capacity low on indigenous innovation
 Enterprises not yet as principal players on
innovative activity
 Quality instead of quantity: efficiency and high
value-added
 Mobilizing resources more effectively on a
whole society effort
 Maintaining a high quality of professionals at
national level
 Creating an atmosphere being critical on
scientific research and innovation

21
Policy Change in
China Science and
Technology
22
Evolution of S&T Strategies and Policies

1980: Lean-upon and Face to:
Economic development must lean upon advancement of S&T
S&T development must face to economic development

1986: Assimilation & Commercialization

1995: Rejuvenating China through Advancement
of Science and Education
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1996: Sustainable Development

2003: Talent Strategy

2006: Indigenous Innovation
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China Climbing the Technological Stairs
Creation
Improvement
Assimilation
Acquisition
24
Science
Development
and Creation
R&D
Design &
Engineering
Technician & Craft
Skills & Capabilities
Science
Use, Operation
and Maintenance
Basic Operators
Skills and Capabilities
(Material transformation)
(Human talent levels)
Copy from Prof. Jon Sigurdson
25
Becoming a Technological Power
– Requirements
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Absorbing foreign S&T knowledge and R&D
results – Diffusion
Universities and education that embrace
science and technology – Expansion
Abundant scientific manpower outside the
ivory towers – Continued Reform
Ample and discretionary financial resources to
support R&D – Expansion and Critical Review
Institutions and culture that promote science
and technology – 2020 S&T Plan
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Guideline
for China S&T in Next 15 Years

Indigenous Innovation

Frog-leaping in key areas

Underpinning development

Taking lead to the future
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Indigenous Innovation

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
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Power of choice in guiding technology
development
Enterprises as key player in linking
universities and marketplace
Scientific research not just ends up with
papers but with products in markets
Special policy package with 60 articles in
favour of innovation released in 2006
Technology transfer, absorbing and
assimilation
28
Frog-leaping in Key Areas

Breakthroughs in key strategic areas that are vital to
China’s economic & social development :
 High-techs in IT, bio-, nano-technologies and new


energies
Special programmes: Moon landing, 150 seat aircrafts,
high-yield crop seeds…
Role of government fits into socialist market economy
 A funding agency, not THE funding agency


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Focused on a model of talent-project-base
Creating a platform: labs, information sharing,
standards, collaborations
Creating an environment for knowledge transfer
Further promoting systematic reform
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Underpinning Development


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Building a modern service industry via
ICT, BPO…
Upgrading secondary industry to
enhance efficiency, energy saving and
environmentally friendly
Providing adequate and proved
technologies to rural development
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Institutional innovation
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Facilitate enterprises to become key
participants in R&D and to play leading roles
in innovation
Encourage close cooperation among business,
academia, and research institutes
Reform the education system to make it more
friendly to the growth of creative and
inventive talents
Reform the S&T personnel management
Accelerate the development of non-for profit
organization
Reform government’s management system to
improve its efficiency and transparency
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Priority Programs (2006-2010) (1)

Core electronic device, high-end universal chips
and basic software

Supper scale IC manufacturing equipment and
technology

New generation of broad band wireless mobile
communication system

High precision digital control lathe and
manufacturing equipment

Large scale oil and natural gas field and CBM
recovery technology

Pressurized water reactor and high temperature
gas-cooled reactor power plant
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Priority Programs (2006-2010) (2)

Water pollution control

Gene transformation and new crop variety
development

New drug development for major diseases

Control of major communicable disease e.g. AIDS
and hepatitis

Large passenger aircraft

High definition earth observation system

Manned space flight and moon-landing
33
S &T Collaboration
with India
34
Current China-India Cooperation


Governmental Cooperation
• China-India Agreement for Science and Technology
Cooperation signed in 1988
• Since 1988, twenty agreements / MOUs for S&T
cooperation signed between governmental
departments of the two countries
Enterprises Cooperation
• Currently about 50 Chinese companies in India,
working on 150 projects. Huawei Technology has
its largest overseas R&D base in Bangalore, more
than 1200 staff
• Over 150 Indian companies in China, mostly S&T
companies, on more than 1000 projects
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Future Direction for S&T Cooperation
 Joint Steering Committee for China-India S&T
Cooperation established during H.E. Mr. Kapal
Sibal’s visit to China in 2006
 Proposed Areas of Cooperation
•
Information technology
•
manufacturing technology
•
Meteorology and climate change
•
Biotechnology and nanotechnology
 Joint Declaration signed during the state visit
of the Chinese President H.E. Mr. Hu Jintao to
India in November 2006
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Future Direction for S&T Cooperation
 Both sides agree to launch joint projects in:
•
earthquake engineering
•
climate change and weather forecasting
•
nano-technology with focus on advanced materials
•
biotechnology and medicines with focus on bio-nano
 Promote cooperation in civil nuclear energy
through multilateral projects such as ITER
 Strengthen cooperation in the use of space
technologies in satellite remote sensing, satellite
communications, satellite meteorology, disaster
mitigation and satellite launch services
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