Urban Processes - Cheung Chuk Shan College
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Transcript Urban Processes - Cheung Chuk Shan College
Location of urban
settlements
Urbanization
Urbanization
It
occurs when the proportion of
urban population to total
population increases.
Measures the % of total pop.
It is a process by which the no. of
urban pop. increases while the
rural pop. decreases.
Urban growth
It
refers to the actual increase in
the number of urban population.
Early Settlements
Iraq is pretty much
where the first cities
grew
The word
'Mesopotamia' is
in origin a Greek
name (mesos
'middle' and
potamos 'river',
so 'land between
the rivers').
The Fertile Crescent
Jericho, which is
in the middle of
the IsraelPalestinian issues,
is an OLD city
May be as much as
9,000 years old!
The Indus Valley
Mohenjodaro
and Harappa
were major
cities
Civilization from
about 2500 BC
to 1500 BC
The Nile Valley
The Egyptian
civilization from
about 3500 BC
The pyramids of
Giza built at
about 2500 BC
Causes of Urbanization
Rural-urban migration
Rural-urban migration
Movement
of people from rural to
urban areas
Causes:
-- Population growth
-- Expansion of urban areas
Why more people in the
city?
This can be explained by push
and pull factors.
Agricultural improvements
Farm
mechanization
Opening up of rural land for
urban uses
Food supply to cities
Release of farm labour
Industrialization
Agglomeration
economies
Mushrooming of industries
Large demand for labour
Market potential
Market-oriented
locations for
industries
Jobs attracting population
Population = market
(snowballing effect)
Snowballing Effect of industrialization and urbanization
Industrial
growth
in cities
growth of
secondary and
tertiary ind. to
satisfy the demand
Demand for labour in
secondary industry
attracting more
people to come to the
cities rural-urban
migration
greater demand
for goods and
services
urban growth/
urbanization
Increased service activities
Higher
standard of living
Need for greater economic and
social organization
Retailing, entertainment,
catering, administration
Growth of urbanism
Transport improvements
Encourage
the horizontal
expansion of towns along major
routes
Increase population mobility
Facilitate rural-urban migration
Social and cultural attraction
Availability
of social facilities,
e.g. theatres, art galleries
Centre of urban life
Increased education
People
become more
knowledgeable, ambitious
Cities provide opportunities to
satisfy personal contentment
Natural population growth
Migrants
are of fertile age
Greater wealth makes large
families more viable
Urbanization in developed
countries
Higher
level of urbanization
Due to early industrialization
Which led to rural-urban
migration
Pull factors being more important
rate of urbanization slows down
as farm mechanization is almost
complete
How do cities grow in
developed countries?
Upward
growth
Outward growth
Upward growth of the city
Skyscrapers
because
of rising land price in
the city centre
taller buildings can maximize
floor space
made possible with the dev. of
lifts and better building materials
Outward growth of cities:
Baltimore & Washington
areas in US
first took place along lines of
communication
in a star or finger shape
improvement in transport
people travel faster & live
further from their place of work
areas between roads are filled in
by settlement
Reasons for outward growth of
cities
(urban sprawl)
lack
of land
rising land price
desire to have larger homes with gardens
land price and rent is lower in outskirts of the city
(lower density housing suburbs)
improvement in transport + higher level of car
ownership live in suburbs
HAMLET
VILLAGE
Hierarchy of urban
settlements
TOWN
MEGALOPOLIS
CITY
MEGACITY
CONURBATION
CONURBATION
METROPOLIS
CONURBATION
METROPOLIS
Conurbation = large urbanized area
Megalopolis = joining of
conurbation/many large cities
CHIPITTS
SANSAN
BOSNYWASH
Urbanization in developing
countries
lower level of urbanization
late urbanization (in the 20th century)
result of rural-urban migration
push factors being more important
urbanization is not accompanied by industrialization
slow growth of industry
living standard remains low
unemployment in cities and people living in poverty
Urban growth in
developing countries
very
rapid urban growth
due to high natural increase +
rural-urban migration
low level of urbanization
increase of rural population
How do cities grow in developing
countries?
concentrated
in one
single city
usually the capital city
built by the Europeans
during the colonial rule
primate city
e.g. Manila
developed around the city margin
with shanty settlements
as government doesn’t have money to
build houses
Slums