Urbanization & Land Use

Ecology & Design

E.G. Arias et al October 12, 2004

Today’s Agenda

Announcements

– Test 1 – Next Lecture – Energy & Sustainability, Dr. Dave Schaller, EPA

Conclude Primer Urbanization and Land Use Planning

Population Growth, Cities & Urban Growth

Cities, Population & World Trends:

The Less Developed and Developing Nations POPULATION GROWTH

Exponential growth rate over the past 200 years Up to 1800 Up to 1900 Up to 2000 -

1B 1.7B

6+B



0.7B increase 1800-1900



4.3B increase 1900-2000 URBANIZATION



CONCENTRATION IN CITIES

Approximately

half

2000 of the 6B people lived in cities in Projections indicate that

49.3%

of the total world population will live in urban centers of all Developing countries by 2015

Cities, Population & World Trends:

The Less Developed and Developing Nations

URBANIZATION RATES 1900 -

less than .3B

2000 -

around 3B

(UNCHS, 2001b) URBANIZATION RATES ARE UNEVENLY DISTRIBUTED

Industrialized nations

:

decline

0.6%

between 1995 and 2015, to from

1.1%



Least Developed nations

: as much as

4.6% annual urbanization rates

projected to 2015

Cities, Population & World Trends:

The Less Developed and Developing Nations (continued) GLOBALIZATION

:

A new trend evolving from the economic sector

Inevitable outcomes

social exclusion

- increase the

“probability of land speculation, and therefore, of increased land prices”

(UNCHS, 2001a).

Human development

most likely will increase difficulties for the urban poor in less developed and developing nations - such trend, without institutional interventions,

Protect and repair the environment

were squatter communities are now home from 30 to 60 percent of their urban populations - is precisely in these countries

Evolution of Views about Planning in the World Planning in the Third World 1950’s – 1st and 2nd worlds – 3rd world - everything else 75% of the human race UN HABITAT - 2000 – Developed – Developing – Less Developed Future challenges – Food – Transportation – Water – Energy – Environment - Air – Education – Poverty and … – Housing is the major concern

Urban Form

Classical Theories of urban form (at city level)

Concentric Growth Theory (E. Burgess, 1925)

directions from it; : tries to explain the patterns of sociological phenomena in Chicago, and how a city with a main CBD expands through rings of residential growth in all

Multi-sector Theory (H. Hoyt, 1939):

along transportation axes; extended the concentric theory and explains how similar types of land use are developed

Multiple nuclei Theory (Harris and Ullman, 1945):

approximating a constellation pattern of development.

growth takes place around different urban centers (historic or contemporary)

Physical Systems Planning / Design scales

National Regional Local Site

Socials Systems Natural Created

Renewable Non Renewable Recoverable

Population Economics Political Cultural

In situ reality-Settings Processes Results Activities

Location analysis decision Prototypes

One Activity Attribute/characteristic

A 1 2 3

Various locations Many Activities Attribute /Characteristic

A B C D

Many Activities Attribute /Characteristic

A B C D 1

Same Location

1 2 3

Reality Various locations

Understanding Urbanization Dynamics Local



Global Linkages Local/regional New activity/service locates National On-going processes

•Social •Political •Economic •Cultural

Drop out Re-location Re-location at national scale

Growth Stability Decline

Global

Scales

Land Use

Level I – Urban / Agriculture / Rangeland / Forested uplands / Water / Wetlands / Barren Level II - Urban – Residential / Commercial & Services / Industrial / Transportation / Communications & Utilities / Institutional / Recreational / Mixed Use / Open land & Other Level III - Residential – Single unit, low density (<2 DUs) / SU med. density (2-5) / SU high density (< 6) – Multiple dwelling, low rise (2 stories), high rise (3 stories or more) designated by user Source: J. DeChiarra/L. Koppelman, Urban Planning & Design Criteria

Census – Population Data

Understanding Urbanization Dynamics in Developing and Developed Contexts: Integration of Remote Sensing and In Situ Information for Growth Management

START Workshop Module on Cities & Sustainability

E.G. Arias, R. Pujol and A. Sanchez

1.

Satellite Remote sensing data 1,2,3 (time – series)

1970 1980 1990

2. GIS Ground Information Natural System (eg. )

Rivers and water basin; Open space; Forested area & vegetation; Geological conditions; Rainfall; Meteorological conditions; Hydrological;

CREATED SYSTEMS Physical Non - physical

Land use Residential Industrial Commercial Transportation Infrastructure Systems Environmental Air Climate Demographic Socio/ Economic Political Legal Administrative

Relationship 1 Relationship 3 3. Events and Policy Actions

Institutional reform; Economic globalization and localization; Changes in public policy; Development strategy shifting; Tourism diversification; Agricultural subsidization;

Relationship 2

DENVER METROPOLITAN & REGIONAL URBAN GROWTH & LAND USE AND URBANIZATION IN BOULDER COUNTY

The Susceptibility to Change (STC)

Recycling the City : Identifying the Development Suitability GIVENS PROBABILITIES LOCATION ALTERNATIVES

A

1

1 2 A

1

A

1 CRITICAL COALITION (interest groups)

3

Economic Social Political 1-2 yrs 3-6 yrs 7 or more yrs

A

1 Group Locational Alternatives

A

2 A1 A2

Locational Suitability for Redevelopment:

The Recycled City

Destinations NOTION OF MOVEMENT :

OBECTIVES

&

CONCEQUENCES

Industry SHORTEST DISTANCE Origins

Spatial fragmentation Environmental integrity

Origins Increase Distance

and

Decrease Time Recreation Education DECREASE TIME

growth management

Social fragmentation

The origins and destinations relationship

is regulated by

land-use instruments

(zoning or growth management) which

limit the type, density and location

of urban activities and land use; or by the

carrying capacity

systems that sustains such activities.

of

LEVELS OF KNOLEDGE MODEL FOR UNDERSTANDING TRANSPORT

EMISSIONS AND ENERGY USE IN CITIES

CITY REGIONAL VEHICLE WHOLE CITY URBAN PLANNING ZONES OF CITY (TRANSPORT PLANNING) VEHICLE TO VEHICLE ( TRAFFIC ENGINEERING) WITHIN VEHICLE (MECHANICAL ENGINEERING) Kenworthy, J.R. and Newman, P.W.G. (1989)

ECONOMICS of TRANSPORTATION

Public transportation

+/- 39% of operating cost of public transportation is paid by fares 60% of cost is paid by Governments

Private (Car)

Paid mostly by owners (purchase, fuel, maintenance, insurance, parking etc.) Public roads and highways are paid by a variety of taxes Charges on licenses, registration, gas taxes, Highway Trust Fund Funding for Federal highways construction Source: Contemporary Urban Planning J. Levy (2003).

Emerging insights in D&P, Land Use and Urbanization

Sustainability



Equitable & Sustainable

Unlimited resources



Finite Resources

Continuous growth & change



notions of evolution

Participatory design Useful & Usable Technologies

Looking Ahead: A Design/Planning Thought

The future is not out there to be discovered

,

it needs to be designed and implemented

… by you!!!

by us