Transcript CLASSIFICATION & 6 KINGDOM NOTES

CLASSIFICATION & 6
KINGDOM NOTES
Why classify organisms?
1. To organize the diversity of life
2. To help us know what we are
talking about
 Ex. Brown animal – beaver or
bison?
 In order to work well, a classification
system must be established and logical
 Furthermore, classification rules must
have real biological meaning, so that
you can identify an organism in the field
Don’t use: tall, colors, big, small
 Do use: greater than 2 meters in height,
large eyes compared to head size, tail
longer than body

Taxonomy
The branch of biology that names
and groups organisms according to
their characteristics and evolutionary
history.
Classify the thousands of new species
discovered each year.
Early Systems of Classification
Aristotle
First classified organisms more than
2000yrs ago as either plants or
animals
 Animals: land dwellers, water
dwellers, or air dwellers
 Plants: three categories based on
differences in their stems
Linnaeus
 The Swedish biologist Carl von Linne
developed the classification system we
currently use today. He later changed his
name to match his system and is now known
as Carolus Linneaus.
 His system used an organism’s appearance
 His classification system consists of 7 levels;
they are:

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus,
species
Classification System
 Hint
 King
 Phillip
 Came
 Over
 For
 Green
 Soup
Levels
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
species
Example Broadest
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Canidae
Canus
familiaris Most specific
 In this classification system, each
organism has a two-part scientific name;
this system of naming organisms is
called binomial nomenclature
 In particular, organisms must have a
universally accepted name
We use Latin to name organisms,
why?
1. It is a dead, unchanging
language
2. There is no competition
among countries
Every scientific name has 3
parts:
1. The entire name is italicized or
underlined
2. The name is made up of the Genus and
species names of the organism
3. The first word is capitalized and the
second is lowercase.
Examples: Homo sapiens, Canus
familiaris, Equus caballus
Two Modern Systems of
Classification
Six Kingdom System

Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista,
Fungi, Plantae & Animalia
Three Domain System
Archaea
 Bacteria
 Eukarya

Definitions
A prokaryote does not have a
nucleus
A eukaryote does have a nucleus
An autotroph can make its own
food
A heterotroph cannot make its
own food
THE 6 KINGDOMS
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria
Prokaryotic
Single –celled
Both (Autotroph or
Heterotroph)
Live in Harsh Environments
Methanogens & Halophiles
Kingdom Eubacteria
Eubacteria
Prokaryotic
Single-celled
Both (Autotroph or
Heterotroph)
Cause Diseases in Humans
Bacteria (common kinds)
Kingdom Protista
Protista
Eukaryotic
Single-celled
Both (Autotroph or
Heterotroph)
Move using cilia or flagella
Ameba, Euglena, Paramecium
Kingdom Fungi
Fungi
Eukaryotic
Multi-celled
Heterotroph
Act as decomposers
Mold, Yeast, Ringworm,
Mushrooms
Kingdom Plantae
Plantae
Eukaryotic
Multi-celled
Autotroph
Make food by photosynthesis
Mosses, Ferns, Grass, Trees,
Flowering plants
Kingdom Animalia
Animalia
Eukaryotic
Multi-celled
Heterotroph
Most are mobile
Snakes, Worms, Dogs,
Sponges, Insects, Humans
Three Domain System
Molecular biology has led to an
alternative to the 6 kingdom system
By comparing sequences of
ribosomal RNA in many
organisms, they have estimated
how long ago pairs of organisms
shared a common ancestor
Three Domain System
 Phylogenetic tree drawn from this data
shows that living things seem to fall
naturally into 3 broad groups or domains
 3 Domains (and the kingdoms they
include):
 Bacteria (Eubacteria)
 Archaea (Archaebacteria)
 Eukarya (Eukaryotes): includes Protista,
Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Domain
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya
Kingdom Archaebacteria Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Cell Type Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes
Cell
Have cell walls Have cell
walls made up
Structures that lack
peptidoglycan of
peptidoglycan
Have a
nucleus,
mitochondria,
some have
chloroplasts
Have a
nucleus,
mitochondria,
but no
chloroplasts
or cell wall of
chitin
Have a
nucleus,
mitochondria,
chloroplasts/
cell wall of
cellulose
Have a
nucleus,
mitochondria,
but no
chloroplasts;
no cell wall
Body
Form
Unicellular
Unicellular
Mostly
unicellular,
some
multicellular
Some
unicellular,
most
multicellular
Multicellular
Multicellular
Nutrition
Autotrophic or
Heterotrophic
Autotrophic or Autotrophic Heterotrophic Autotrophic
Heterotrophic or
(absorption)
Heterotrophic
Examples Methanogens,
halophiles
Prokaryotes
Rhizobium
Bacillus
E. coli
Ameba,
Yeasts,
paramecium molds,
mushrooms
Mosses,
ferns,
flowering
plants,
seaweeds
Heterotrophic
sponges,
worms,
snails,
insects,
mammals