Transcript Classification and Taxonomy

CLASSIFICATION AND TAXONOMY
World is so diverse
Classification
 The grouping of information or objects based
on similarities
 We classify things all the time (creates order)
 Stores
 Lane
 Text Book
Systematics (taxonomy)
 The science of grouping and naming
organisms
 We need to be able to identify/name each species
 Common names: confusing
 Scientific names: specific to one species ONLY
that everyone uses
What is this called?
Common Names
 Cougar
 Puma
 Panther
 Mountain Lion
…………all are common names for same
animal.
Scientific name: Felis concolor
What is this called?
Common Names
 Pill bug
 Sow bug
 Roly polies
 Wood lice
 Potato bug
………..all are common names for same bug
Scientific name: Armadillidium vulgare
Why Latin?
 Scientific names are given in LATIN (because
it’s a dead language)
 WHY USE A DEAD LANGUAGE?
Dichotomous keys
 Used to identify organisms
 Series of paired statements that describe
possible characteristics
 Leads you to smaller subset
Aristotle
 384-322 B.C. Greek philosopher
 Divided animals into movement:
land, air, water
 PROBLEMS???
Linnaean Classification
 Biological Taxonomy:
Hierarchical system
proposed in the eighteenth
century by Carl Linnaeus.
 Categories based on the
morphological characters
shared with others.
Linnaean System
 Hierarchical classification using seven
categories or taxa, listed in order from
largest to smallest groupings: (Domain
was later added before kingdom)
 Kingdom King
 Phylum
Philip
 Class
Came
Species - a group of
individuals that
 Order
Over
actually or potentially
 Family
For
interbreed in nature
 Genus
Green
 Species
Soup
Binomial Nomenclature aka:Linnaean 2 word naming system
 Genus (first word)
 Noun, Capitalized
 Species (second word)
 Descriptive, Lower Case
Underlined or Italicized
Humans - Homo sapiens
Red Oak - Quercus rubra
Practice
 Common Name: Polar bear
Scientific Name: Ursus Arctos
 Is this scientific name written
correctly?
 Which is the genus?
Answer
 Ursus arctos
 Ursus arctos
 U. arctos
 Ursus is the genus
 arctos is the species
Practice
 What is the two word naming system
called?
 Who developed it?
Answer
 BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
 LINNAEUS
Practice
 Which taxa contains more organisms? Family
or genus?
Answer
 FAMILY has more organisms than GENUS
 Kingdom (most general)
 Phylum
 Class
 Order
 Family
 Genus
 Species (most specific)
Scientific Classification
Kingdom Animalia
Eubacteria
Plantae
Phylum
Class
Chordata
Mammalia
Pinophyta
Pinopsida
Order
Primates
Proteobacteria
Gamma
Proteobacteria
Enterobacteriales
Family
Hominidae
Cupressaceae
Genus
Homo
Enterobacteriacea
e
Escherichia
Species
H. sapiens
E. coli
Pinales
Sequoiadendro
n
S. giganteum
Phylogenetic Systematics
 Phylogeny takes into consideration the
evolutionary history of organisms, Not
just based on similarities/differences of physical
characteristics
Tree of Life
CLADOGRAMS are diagrams that look at
evolutionary relationships among organisms
Derived characteristics are traits that arose in
the most recent common ancestor of a particular
lineage and was passed along to its descendants
A clade is a group of organisms that includes an
ancestor and all descendents of that ancestor.
NODE: point where two groups
branch off from eachother/ last
shared a common ancestor
Derived character is
a trait shared by
later organisms but
not earlier ones
The more derived characters two organisms share, the more
recently they shared a common ancestor and the more closely they
are related in evolutionary terms.
Cladogram Chart Example
Modern Classification
 Genes in DNA can be used as derived
characteristics
 The more genes two species share,
the more closely related they are
 Help make evolutionary trees more
accurate instead of depending on
appearance only
For Example…
 Which two of the three birds seem more
closely related?
AFRICAN VULTURE
STORK
AMERICAN VULTURE
 American vultures and storks share a
common behavior
 When overheating, they urinate on legs to
cool down
 African vulture doesn’t do this
 Not enough to prove, so DNA analysis was
done……..
Surprise!
 DNA from American vultures is more similar
to DNA in storks
 Suggests they share a more common recent
ancestor
Domains and Kingdoms
Archaea
6 Kingdom System
 Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
 Eubacteria
3 Domain System
 Protista
Eukarya
 Fungi
 Plantae
 Animalia
Kingdoms and Domains
The three-domain system
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
The six-kingdom system
Bacteria
Archaea
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
The traditional five-kingdom system
MONERA
Protista
Prokaryote Basic Structure
Prokaryotes
 Prokaryotes:
 (pro- means before, and -karyote means nucleus)
 First type of cells to evolve
 Very small
 Unicellular
 Two Types: Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Common Prokaryote Shapes
Domain Archaea
• Kingdom: Archaebacteria
• Prokaryotic and unicellular
• Autotrophic/heterotrophic
• Have cell wall w/o peptidoglycan
• Anaerobic
• Extremophiles
-Thermophilic bacteria (live in extreme temps)
-Halophilic bacteria (live in high concentrations
of salt)
Snottites
Thermophiles
Domain Bacteria
 Kingdom Eubacteria (eu=true)
 Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic
 Aerobic/anaerobic
 Have a peptidoglycan cell wall
 No organelles
 Common
EUBACTERIA
Salmonella
E. coli
Streptococcus pyogenes
Why do we need prokaryotes?
 Decomposers (create nutrients as waste)
 Mutualistic relationship
 Commercial uses
Eukaryotes
 Eukaryotes differ from Prokaryotes in that
they are more complex and evolved later.
Kingdom Protista
 Protists are highly debated in their classification.
 Characteristics:
 Simple unicellular or multicellular organisms
 Aerobic/anaerobic
 Some w/ cellulose cell walls/photosynthetic
 Autotrophic/heterotrophic
PROTISTA
AMOEBA
DIATOMS
PARAMECIUM
EUGLENA
VOLVOX
Why do we need protists?
 Produce a large bulk of world’s oxygen
 Important part of food chain
 Decomposers
 Medicinal/industrial uses
Kingdom Fungi
 Multicellular, except yeasts
 Heterotrophic
 Cell walls w/ chitin
 Found in soil, on dead matter, and as symbionts
 Become noticeable when fruiting, either as mushrooms
or molds.
FUNGI
MOLD
RUSTS
MUSHROOMS
YEASTS
Why do we need fungi?
 decomposes organic matter and
important for nutrient cycling/exchange
Kingdom Plantae
 Have organelles; including chloroplasts
 Are all multicellular
 Are all autotrophic, mostly
 Asexual and sexual reproduction
 Have a cellulose cell wall
NON-VASCULAR
FERNS
MOSSES
VASCULAR
Flowering plants
Conifers
Kingdom Animalia
 Naked cells (no cell wall)
 Heterotrophic
 Multicellular
 Two major types
-Vertebrates
-Invertebrates (**Most animals fit here)
VERTEBRATES- Has a vertebral column
Mammals
Reptiles
Bony Fish
Birds
Amphibians
INVERTEBRATES- lacks vertebral column
Sponges
Jellyfish
Earthworms
Ants
Starfish
Octopus
Butterfly
Shrimp
Some are motile
Some are
sessile
SYMMETRY