Transcript Introduction to Phylogeny

Introduction to Phylogeny
With some review of taxonomy…
Taxonomy is….
Taxonomy is….
• The classification of organisms in an
ordered system that indicates natural
relationships.
Classification is…
Classification is
• The systematic grouping of organisms into
categories on the basis of evolutionary or
structural relationships between them
Concept Map
Section 18-3
Living
Things
are characterized by
Eukaryotic
cells
and differing
Important
characteristics
which place them in
Cell wall
structures
such as
Domain
Eukarya
Prokaryotic cells
which is subdivided into
which place them in
Domain
Bacteria
Domain
Archaea
which coincides with
which coincides with
Kingdom
Eubacteria
Kingdom
Archaebacteria
Kingdom
Plantae
Kingdom
Fungi
Kingdom
Protista
Kingdom
Animalia
Review of the Domains and Kingdoms
Section 18-3
Classification of Living Things
DOMAIN
Bacteria
Archaea
KINGDOM
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
CELL TYPE
Eukarya
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Prokaryote
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Cell walls with
peptidoglycan
Cell walls
without
peptidoglycan
Cell walls of
cellulose in
some; some
have
chloroplasts
Cell walls of
chitin
Cell walls of
cellulose;
chloroplasts
No cell walls
or chloroplasts
Unicellular
Unicellular
Most unicellular;
some colonial;
some
multicellular
Most
multicellular;
some
unicellular
Multicellular
Multicellular
MODE OF
NUTRITION
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Heterotroph
Autotroph
Heterotroph
EXAMPLES
Streptococcus,
Escherichia coli
Methanogens,
halophiles
Amoeba,
Paramecium,
slime molds,
giant kelp
Mushrooms,
yeasts
Mosses, ferns,
flowering
plants
Sponges,
worms,
insects, fishes,
mammals
CELL
STRUCTURES
NUMBER OF
CELLS
This Diagram shows how the
organisms in the different Domains
Section 18-3
and Kingdoms are related
DOMAIN
ARCHAEA
DOMAIN
EUKARYA
Kingdoms
DOMAIN
BACTERIA
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Phylogeny is…
• The genealogical history of organisms,
both living and extinct, Representing the
historical pattern of relationships among
organisms which has resulted from the
actions of many different evolutionary
processes.
• Basically how organisms are related
based on how they evolved.
Phylogeny is displayed with a
Cladogram
Kingdoms
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Cladogram
• A branching, treelike diagram
• endpoints of the branches represent
specific species of organisms.
• Used to illustrate phylogenetic
relationships
• show points at which various species have
diverged from common ancestral forms.
Traditional Classification Versus Cladogram
Cladogram
Section 18-2
Appendages
Crab
Conical Shells
Barnacle
Limpet
Crustaceans
Crab
Gastropod
Barnacle
Limpet
Molted
exoskeleton
Segmentation
Tiny free-swimming larva
CLASSIFICATION
BASED ON VISIBLE
SIMILARITIES
CLADOGRAM