Transcript Chapter 27 Russia - Dripping Springs Independent School

Chapter 27 Russia
Industrialization Outside the West
Introduction
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By 1914, Russia managed to launch significant
industrialization
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Lacked the industrial might of the West; late start
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Made other changes to strengthen social and political systems
Was able to participate in 19th c. imperialist scramble
Possessed prior experience of cultural borrowing
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But lacked political flexibility of Japan
Change Russia increased internal strains, revolution
Russia Before Reform
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Russians such as Peter the Great once found Western
ideas and contact favorable
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Skepticism remained due to French Revolution, Napoleonic
Wars
Conservatives favored isolationism
Following Napoleonic Wars, Russia favored status quo
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Holy Alliance; Russia, Prussia, Austria
Decembrist uprising suppressed by Nicholas I
No massive territorial acquisitions, aggressive competitor for
territorial expansion
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Targeting weakened Ottoman Empire
Economic and Social Problems: The
Peasant Question
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Russia’s economic position did not keep pace with its
diplomatic aspirations
Economically, Russia was behind because it was late to
industrialize.
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In return for low-cost grain exports, Russia and other East
European areas imported Western luxury goods
Furthermore the loss of the Crimean War of the midnineteenth century demonstrated Russia's widening gap with
the West.
Economic and Social Problems: The
Peasant Question
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Loss of Crimean War convinced Tsar
Alexander II that it was time for
change
 He identified that the system of
serfdom was not producing.
 Many believed that a free labor
force would lead to the
development of a vigorous and
mobile labor force, meet Western
humanitarian standards, and end
periodic peasant uprisings.
 Never was it their intention to
copy the west.
 At last Russian serfs emancipated
in 1861.
The Reform Era and Early Industrialization
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Emancipation of serfs, is it
enough?
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Serfs get access to their own
land, preserves aristocratic
power
Serfs obtain no new political
rights
Tied to village with
redemption payments
Helped create larger urban
labor force
Did not spur increase in
agricultural productivity
Peasant uprisings more
common, still loyal to tsar
The Reform Era and Early Industrialization
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Alexander continued with
reforms beyond
emancipation
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New law codes cut back on
traditional punishments
Creation of zemstvoes—
local political councils
Military reorganization
following Crimean War
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Merit based promotion
State sponsored education
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Schools spread unevenly,
literacy increased
The Reform Era and Early Industrialization
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First steps of industrialization
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the creation of an extensive system of
railways
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Compared to Europe, the state had to
deliberately create the industrial sector
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As factories appeared, gov’t protected them
from competition
Count Witte, the Russian minister of finance
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Linked population and resources, trans-Siberian
railroad
Gov’t passed high tariffs, improved the banking
system, encouraged western investment
By 1900, half of Russian industry was foreign
owned
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4th in world production of steel, 2nd in
petroleum behind US
The Road to Revolution
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Despite the efforts Alexander II attempted, none of them
went far enough to satisfy any particular group
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Rising population created more stress, nationalist pressures
Earlier reforms not enough, industrialization created more
problems
Educated Russians also clamored for revolutionary change
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Intelligentsia—intellectual class; increased activity
Wanted political freedom and deep social reform while
maintaining Russian culture different from the West
The Road to Revolution
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Anarchists, Russian radicals, sought to abolish all formal
government
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By 1890s, currents of protest gained new force
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Hoped to win peasant support, failure led to more violent strategies;
terrorism
Alexander II was assassinated by terrorists bomb, 1881
Marxist doctrine spread from West
Lenin revisions; proletariat revolution without middle-class phase;
Bolshevism
Working class radicalism continues to grow
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Absence of legal, political outlets
Severe conditions of early industrialization
Rural unrest
The Revolution of 1905
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Loss to Japan during RussoJapanese War unleashes wave of
popular protest
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Viewed successful territorial
expansion as antidote to unrest
Following “Bloody Sunday”
massacre, urban workers
mounted well-organized strikes
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Peasants and liberal groups also
agitated
Gov’t responds with various
reforms
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Stolypin Reforms address peasant
concerns
Duma
Russia and Eastern Europe
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Eastern European states adopt Russian developments
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National parliaments
Emancipation of serfs
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Landlord power remained extensive, peasant unrest continued
Monarchical forms of government
Industrialization is minimal
Russia was the model because it was the most similar
politically and socially