Transcript video slide

Bitki Yapısı
PowerPoint Lectures for
Biology, Seventh Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero
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Bitki’de genel görünüş
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• Bitkilerde hayvanlarda
olduğu gibi organ, doku,
hücre hiyerarşisine sahip
• Root sistem ve shoot
sistem
Reproductive shoot (flower)
Terminal bud
Node
Internode
Terminal
bud
Shoot
system
Vegetative
shoot
Leaf
• Üç basic organ; kök
(root), gövde, yaprak
Taproot
Lateral roots
Figure 35.2
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Blade
Petiole
Axillary
bud
Stem
Root
system
Root (kök)
– Ortama bağlar
– Mineral ve su absorbe eder
– Organik madde depo eder
– Gravitropism
– Absorbsiyon tip (uç) kısma yakın
yerde olur (çok sayıda ince türler,
yüzey artırır)
– Lateral kök ve emici tüyler aynı mı?
– Kazık ve saçak kök
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Embryonic root veya radicle
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Tap (kazık) root ve Fibrous (açak) kök
Her iki tipte radicle’den orjin alır
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Adventitious Roots:
Radicle’den başka yerde orjin alan kök
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Modifiye kök
(f) Photosynthetic
roots
(a) Prop roots
(b) Storage roots
(c) “Strangling” aerial
roots
(f) Contractile
roots
(d) Buttress roots
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(e) Pneumatophores
Dış Anatomi
• Root cap (Kök
şapkası)
• Hücre bölünme
bölgesi
• Uzama bölgesi
• Farklılaşma bölgesi
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Root Cap (Kök şapkası)
• Her bir kök ucunda yüksük şeklinde olan hücre grubu
• Mekanik yaralanmaya karşı kök’ü korur
• Golgi mükilaj salgılar ve labirent oluşturur
• Yer çekiminin algısında etkili
–
Amyloplastlar (statolit) hücrenin alt kısımlarında gruplaşmış
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Hücre bölünme bölgesi
• Apical meristem - gün
içinde bir veya iki defa
bölünür
• Meristem :
–
protoderm (epidermis
oluşturur)
–
ground meristem (zemin
dokuyu verir)
–
prokambium (primary
phloem ve xylem)
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Uzama bölgesi
Hücreler daha uzun ve
geniş
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Farklılaşma bölgesi
• epidermal hücrelerin
uzantısı olarak emici
tüyler oluşur
• Su alımı için yüzey
artırıcı
• Kütikül kökte vardır
ama emici tüylerde
yok
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Farklılaşma bölgesi
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Lateral kök Pericycle’dan köken alır
100 m
Emerging
lateral
root
Cortex
Vascular
cylinder
1
2
Epidermis
Lateral root
Figure 35.14
3
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4
Root Cap
Koteks dışına doğru
büyüme
Bülünme Böl.
Saçaklı (Fibrous) kök, çok sayıda
lateral kök oluşumu
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Kökte apical meristem
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Protoderm
Protoderm
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Procambium
Procambium
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Ground Meristem
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Ground Meristem
Gövde (Stem)
• Suyu ve suda çözünmüş maddeleri köklerden
yapraklara taşır
• Yapraklarda üretilen besini bitkinin diğer
bölümlerine iletir
• Çiçeği meyveyi ve yaprağı taşır
• Bitkinin dik durmasını sağlar
• Bazen toprak altında bulunabilir
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– Alternate dizilmiş nodlara sahip
– Nodlar arası kısım; Internod
– Aksillari bud (tomurcuk); lateral shoot (dal)
– Terminal bud;tip kısımda bulunur uzamayı sağlar
– Apikal dormansi ??
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• Apikal dormansi; apikal
meristemde üretilen bazı
enzimlerin lateral
meristemdeki büyümeyi
baskılaması
• Dallı olan bitkiler apikal
dormansi zayıf
• Apical meristem
uzaklaştırıldığında bitki daha
dallı (fırça) olacak
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Modifiye Gövde
Bulb
Stolon
Corm
Rizom
Tuber
Thorn
Fotosentetik
Kladofil
(a) Stolons. Shown here on a
strawberry plant, stolons
are horizontal stems that grow
along the surface. These “runners”
enable a plant to reproduce
asexually, as plantlets form at
nodes along each runner.
Storage leaves
(d) Rhizomes. The edible base
of this ginger plant is an example
of a rhizome, a horizontal stem
that grows just below the surface
or emerges and grows along the
surface.
Stem
Node
Root
(b)
(e) Corm. A corm is a swollen,
vertical stem with a papery covering
Bulbs. Bulbs are vertical,
underground shoots consisting
mostly of the enlarged bases
of leaves that store food. You
can see the many layers of
modified leaves attached
to the short stem by slicing an
onion bulb lengthwise.
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Rhizome
(c)
Tubers. Tubers, such as these
red potatoes, are enlarged
ends of rhizomes specialized
for storing food. The “eyes”
arranged in a spiral pattern
around a potato are clusters
of axillary buds that mark
the nodes.
Root
Rizom
• Toprak altında
horizontal yetişen
gövde
• adventitious root
bulunur
• İris, ginger (zencegil)
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Stolon (runner)
• Toprak üstünde
yetişen horizontal
stem
• Uzun internod
• Çilek
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Tuber
• Toprak altı stolonların
ucunda besin depo
eder
• Patatesin üzerindeki
gözenekler (eyes)
gövdede bulunan
nodlardır
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Bulb (soğan)
• Küçük stem üzerinde
bir bud (tomurcuğun)
etli büyük yapraklarla
sarılması
• adventitious roots
• soğan
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Corm
• Bulb’a benzer fakat
tüm kısım stemden
oluşur. Stem etrafı
kagıtsı bir yapıyla
kaplanmış
• Besin depo eder ve
adventitious rootlar
var
• Crocus (Çiğdem)
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Kladofil
• yaprak benzeri
stem
• asparagus
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Fotosentetik Stem
• Kaktüs
• Besin ve su depo
eder
• fotosentez
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Thorn (Diken)
• Keçi boynuzu
• Black Locust (yaprak;
stipules)
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Yaprak (Leaf)
• Fotosentez, gaz alış veriş, terleme
• Düz bir blade ve sap (stalk, petiole)
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Yaprak kısımları
•
•
Kutikul: dış kısım, mumsu, su kaybını önler
Epidermis: Yaprağın alt ve üst kısımında bulunan kutikul
altındakı kısım
• Vasküler doku: Yaprakta ven içerisinde bulunan Xylem
ve Phloem
• Mezofil: Fotosentezin gerçekleştiği kısım
o Palizat
o Spongy (sünger)
o Stoma: gaz alışveriş
o Guard cell
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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Taksonomistler için yaprak morfolojisi önemli
(a) Simple leaf. A simple leaf
is a single, undivided blade.
Some simple leaves are
deeply lobed, as in an
oak leaf.
Petiole
(b) Compound leaf. In a
compound leaf, the
blade consists of
multiple leaflets.
Notice that a leaflet
has no axillary bud
at its base.
Axillary bud
Leaflet
Petiole
Axillary bud
(c) Doubly compound leaf.
In a doubly compound
leaf, each leaflet is
divided into smaller
leaflets.
Figure 35.6a–c
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Leaflet
Petiole
Axillary bud
Modifiye yaprak
(a) Tendrils. The tendrils by which this
pea plant clings to a support are
modified leaves. After it has “lassoed”
a support, a tendril forms a coil that
brings the plant closer to the support.
Tendrils are typically modified leaves,
but some tendrils are modified stems,
as in grapevines.
(b) Spines. The spines of cacti, such
as this prickly pear, are actually
leaves, and photosynthesis is
carried out mainly by the fleshy
green stems.
(c) Storage leaves. Most succulents,
such as this ice plant, have leaves
modified for storing water.
(d) Bracts. Red parts of the poinsettia
are often mistaken for petals but are
actually modified leaves called bracts
that surround a group of flowers.
Such brightly colored leaves attract
pollinators.
(e) Reproductive leaves. The leaves
of some succulents, such as Kalanchoe
daigremontiana, produce adventitious
plantlets, which fall off the leaf and
take root in the soil.
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Flower (Çiçek)
• Sepal
• Petal
• Stamen
• Pistil (carpel)
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Perianth
Petal:
Corolla
Sepal:Calyx
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Pedisel
Çiçek sap kısmı
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Reseptakül
• Çiçegin tüm kısımlarını üzerinde taşıyan, çiçek
sapının genişlemiş kısmı
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Sepal
• Genelde yeşil, çiçeğin daha narin
kısımlarını korur
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• Nadirde olsa farklı renk olabilir
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Kaliks
• Sepal grubu
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Petal
• Sepal’in iç
kısımda
• Farklı renli
• Polinatörleri
çeker
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Korolla
• Petal grubu
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Perianth
• Sepal + Petals
• Üremede görevli
olmayan çiçek
kısımları
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Tepal
• Sepal ve petal
arasında renk
ayrımı yok
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Üreme kısmı
• Çiçeğin orta kısmında
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Stamen
• Erkek üreme kısmı
• Arranged around the female parts
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Anther
• Stamen üst
kısmı
• Polen üretimi ve
toplanması
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Filament
• Anteri tutan sap kısmı
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Pistil
• Çiçeğin dişi üreme kısmı
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Stigma
• Pistil’in uç kısmı
• Poleni
yakalamak için
yapışkan kısım
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Style
• Pistil’in boyun
kısmı
• Stigma ve ovary
arasında
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Ovaryum
• Ovülü içeren
pistil kısmı
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Ovule
• Yumurtanın
üretildiği ve
fertilizasyon
sonrası tohumun
oluştuğu çiçek
kısmı
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Complete (Tam) flower
• 4 kısımda var
• Sepals, petals, stamens and pistil
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Incomplete flowers
• 4 parçadan en
az biri eksik
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Perfect Flower
• Erkek ve Dişi organ var
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Imperfect flowers
• Seks parçalarından biri eksik
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