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Chapter 12 Westward Expansion Section 2 Independence for Texas A Clash of Cultures • Conflict over Texas began in 1803 – Americans believed it was part of Louisiana Purchase. – Spain Disagreed – 1819 U.S. agreed to drop claim (Adams-Onis Treaty) • Davy Crockett – Texas in 1835 – Wanted to help Texans A Clash of Cultures • 3, 000 Tejanos- Mexicans who claimed Texas as their home. • Native Americans- Comanche, Apaches, and Kiowa • Spain offered Land Grants to promote growth of Texas. – Persons who arranged for the settlement of land in Texas: Empresarios A Clash of Cultures • Moses Austin- 1821 first land grant – Died before colony established – Son Stephen Austin continued colony • Stephen F. Austin – 300 settlers (Old Three Hundred) – “Father of Texas” – Advocate for settlers – First Secretary of state for Texas – Capital of Texas is named after him A Clash of Cultures • 1823- 1825 Mexico Colonization Laws – Learn Spanish – Become Mexican Citizens – Convert to Catholicism – Obey all Mexican Laws – Settlers would receive land with reduced or no taxes. A Clash of Cultures • 1830 More Americans than Tejanos – and had not adopted Mexican ways. • Issued a decree (official order) to stop all immigration from the U. S. • Tax was placed on imports from the U.S. • New Laws angered Texans. A Clash of Cultures • 1833 General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna – became President of Mexico • Stephen F. Austin- demands: remove bans, allow Texas to become a separate state. • Santa Anna overthrows Mexican constitution and names himself dictator of Mexico. Struggle for Independence • • • • 1835- Open Conflict begins. Gonzales- first battle of the Texas Revolution December 1835- San Antonio freed Texans think the war is over- just the beginning. Battle of the Alamo • February 1836 – Mission – – Had cannons, lacked gunpowder – Only 180 soldiers against several thousands – Leaders • Davy Crockett • Jim Bowie • William B. Travis – Commander Battle of the Alamo • • • • Held Santa Anna off for 12 days March 6, 1836, Alamo fell A few women and children survived Santa Anna’s aide “The Texans fought more like devils than like men.” • Bought Texans some much needed time. Texas Independence • March 2, 1836 • Similar to the Declaration of Independence of the United States • Santa Anna had violated liberties – Deprived Texans of freedom of religion – Trial by jury – Right to bear arms Texas Independence • Mexican Troops- Could not hold general election • Texans leaders selected officers until an election could be held • Sam Houston as Commander in Chief of troops – Raised among Cherokee – Fought along side Andrew Jackson Texas Independence • Sam Houston ordered troops at Goliad to abandon their post– Ran into Mexican troops. – Surrendered – Santa Anna orders –execute them – Texans outraged “Goliad Massacre” Battle of San Jacinto • • • • • • • • • Page 367 Sam Houston + 900 troops San Jacinto (present day Houston) April 21“Remember the Alamo!” “Remember Goliad!” Santa Anna captured May 14, 1836 – Santa Anna signed treaty Texas won its independence. Lone Star Republic • Sam Houston elected President 1836 • Mirabeau Lamar Vice president • Texans asked U.S. to take control (annex) Texas. • Andrew Jackson refused. – Texas was a slave state- would upset the balance. Lone Star Republic • Texas faced political and financial difficulties. • Mexican government refused to honor Santa Anna’s treaty- war continued. • John Tyler – supported annexation of Texas – Senate did not Texas Becomes a State • 1844 Manifest Destiny • December 29, 1845 President James K. Polk- Senate agree• Texas becomes a state of the United States – 9 years after winning independence