Transcript Document
CH. 21 LIFE IN THE INDUSTRIAL AGE Focus Question: What were the technological, social, and economic effects of the Industrial Revolution? Nations race to Industrialize: Britain, Belgium and Germany in Europe United States, Canada in America Japan in Asia Australia, and New Zealand in South East Asia CH. 21 SECTION 1, THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS • Henry Bessemer: British engineer who developed a new process for making steel from iron. Steel was lighter, harder, and more durable than iron, and it could be produced very cheaply. CH. 21 SECTION 1, THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS • Alfred Noble: 1866 a Swedish chemist who invented dynamite, an explosive much safer than others used at the time. It was widely used in construction and to Nobel’s dismay, in warfare. He earned a huge fortune, which he willed to fund the famous Nobel prizes that are still awarded today. CH. 21 SECTION 1, THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS • Michael Faraday: English chemist created the first simple electric motor and the first dynamo a machine used to generate electricity. Today all electric generators and transformers work on the principle of Faraday’s dynamo. CH. 21 SECTION 1, THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS • Thomas Edison: American inventor made the first light bulb, or “incandescent lamps” CH. 21 SECTION 1, THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS • Karl Benz: 1886 received a patent for the first automobile which had three wheels. • Henry Ford: American auto maker started mass production of automobiles with his assembly line. CH. 21 SECTION 1, THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS • Assembly Line: production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks. • Interchangeable Parts: identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing. CH. 21 SECTION 1, THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS • Orville and Wilbur Wright: 1903 American bicycle makers designed and flew a flimsy airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. CH. 21 SECTION 1, THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS • Alexander Graham Bell: 1876, American inventor patented the telephone. • Guglielmo Marconi: Italian pioneer invented radio. In 1901, he received a radio message, using Morse code , sent from Britain to Canada. CH. 21 SECTION 1, THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS • Corporations: business owned by many investors who buy shares of stock and risk only the amount of their investment. Large-scale companies needed so much capital that they sold hundreds of thousands of shares. CH. 21 SECTION 1, THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS • Monopolies: huge structures that controlled entire industries or areas of the economy. • John D. Rockefeller: Standard Oil Company CH. 21 SECTION 2, THE RISE OF THE CITIES • Germ theory: the theory that infectious diseases are caused by certain microbes. Most doctors scoffed at it between 1600-1800’s • Louis Pasteur: 1870 French chemist, developed vaccines against rabies and anthrax, also discovered a process called pasteurization that killed disease-carrying microbes in milk. • Robert Koch: 1880’s German doctor identified the bacterium that caused tuberculosis, a respiratory disease that claimed about 30 million lives in the 1800’s. CH. 21 SECTION 2, THE RISE OF THE CITIES • Florence Nightingale: British army nurse insisted on better hygiene in field hospitals. She also founded the world’s first school of nursing. CH. 21 SECTION 2, THE RISE OF THE CITIES • City improvements: • • • • • • • • paved streets Gas lamps Electric street lights Police forces Fire protection departments New sewage systems beneath the streets Skyscrapers Mutual-aid societies – self-help groups to aid sick or injured workers. Beginning of organized unions. CH. 21 SECTION 3, CHANGING ATTITUDES AND VALUES • Three Social Classes Emerge: • Upper class – very rich business families, wealthy entrepreneurs married into aristocratic families. • Middle class – upper level , mid level business people, professionals such as doctors and scientists. Lower middle class – teachers and office workers • Lowest class – common workers and peasants. • Cult of Domesticity: idealization of women and the home. The ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and peaceful support for her working husband. CH. 21 SECTION 3, CHANGING ATTITUDES AND VALUES • Temperance movement: Women’s groups supported a campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages. • Elizabeth Cady Stanton / Susan B. Anthony: two women who crusaded against slavery and helped organize the women’s suffrage movement, or women’s right to vote. • Sojourner Truth: African American suffrage movement leader CH. 21 SECTION 3, CHANGING ATTITUDES AND VALUES • John Dalton: English Quaker schoolteacher developed modern atomic theory. • Charles Darwin: British naturalist, theory on natural selection, he published On the Origin of Species. All forms of life had evolved present state over millions of years. CH. 21 SECTION 3, CHANGING ATTITUDES AND VALUES • Racism: a unscientific belief that one racial group is superior to another. By the late 1800s many Europeans and Americans claimed that the success of Western Civilization was due to the supremacy of the white race. • Social Gospel: movement of the 1800s that urged Christians to do social service. Many Protestant Christians campaigned for reforms in housing, healthcare, and education.