Transcript Chapter 26
CHAPTER 26
Between the Wars
Search for Security- France
United States didn’t ratify the Versailles treaty
Not a member of the League of Nations
Without the US, Britain backed off their promise to
protect France, Russia became hostile
: alliance with Poland, Czechoslovakia,
Romania, Yugoslavia
Weaknesses of Eastern countries no real replacement for
Russia
France strictly enforced Versailles Reparations
When Germany could no longer make annual payments of
2.5 billion gold marks, France occupied the Ruhr Valley
Inflation
Germany began printing
more paper money
1914:
$1 = 4.2 M
1923: $1 = 4.2 TRILLION M
: reduced
reparations and stabilized
Germany’s payments on
basis of affordability
Initial
$200 million loan for
recovery
Began era of European
prosperity
Permanent Peace?
: (Germany, Italy, France,
England, Belgium) guaranteed Germany’s new
western borders with France and Belgium
Allies
left Rhineland
Countries would defend each other if one attacked
Germany did not accept new Poland border in east
“Peace at Last”
: renounced war as an
instrument of national policy
Attempts at disarmament largely ignored
Roaring Twenties
Berlin became the entertainment center of Europe
Nightclubs,
Charleston
Radio & Cinema
Jazz
Josephine
Baker
Propaganda
Entertainment
Mass Leisure
Sports,
Olympics, Tourism
Dopolavoro, Kraft durch Freude: coordinated free time
Great Depression
Causes
Downturn in domestic economies
Collapse of American stock market
Funds pulled from European banks and
investments
Effects
Unemployment
Great Britain 25%
Germany 40%
Led to violence in streets
Increased Government interventions
increase in Marxism
Increase in authoritarian solutions like
Great Depression
Great Britain worked through coalition governments,
raised tariffs
John
Keynes:
argued demand could be raised by public
works financed through deficit spending
Middle East: Turkey, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Iraq
India: Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948): “Great
Soul” or Mahatma taught nonviolent resistance
1935:
internal self-government
Moving away from Democracy
Postwar societies were divided along
class lines – weakened social cohesion
War bonds sank in value, hurting
middle-class
Women forced out of wartime jobs as
men returned
Many women needed jobs as they were
newly widowed or lost marital prospects
People felt victimized by war and
depression
Moderate beliefs had fewer followers
as Europeans looked for answers
Modern Totalitarian States
Demands active loyalty and commitment
Propaganda to conquer minds and
hearts
Total state aimed to control economic,
political, social, intellectual, cultural
aspects of society
Led by a single leader, single party
Rejects limited government and individual
freedoms
Mussolini’s Italy – Fascist
Nazi Germany – Fascist
Soviet Union - Communist
Fascist Italy
1919: Socialists, Liberals, and Popolari were unable to
form a cohesive coalition
Socialists spoke of revolution, alarming conservatives
Benito Mussolini combined anticommunist, antistrike
sentiment with nationalist rhetoric and brute force to gain
favor
: armed Fascists formed and attacked
Socialists and unions
Fascists were able to paint themselves as party of order
October 24, 1922: March to Rome with
King Victor Emmanuel III made Mussolini prime minister
Il Duce
: any party winning 25%+ would be allotted
2/3s of seats
Freedom of press, from arrest, due process, of assembly all
limited
Militarization
Fascists won 65% and majority of seats in parliament
Youth Fascists groups enlisted 66% of adolescents
“Woman into the Home”
Large families encouraged with incentives and holidays
(1929)- Sovereignty of Vatican City,
Catholicism sole religion, Church supported Fascist regime
Nazi Germany
– established after WWI
Paul
von Hindenburg, President- monarchist, not in favor
of republic
Hyperinflation & Depression
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
Austrian,
failed artist
Decorated WWI Veteran
Anti-Semitic
German nationalist
Need for struggle
Nazi Germany
Rise of Hitler
By 1921, controlled party and renamed
National Socialist German Workers’ Party, or
Created flags, badges, uniforms, newspapers,
rituals
: (Strumabteilung – Storm Troopers) police
force, defended party, break up other
parties’ meetings
emulated Mussolini,
marched on Berlin, failed and arrested
– stresses Lebensraum and Anti-
Semitism
Hitler realizes an overthrow must come from
the inside
Nazi Germany
Rise of Hitler
Führerprinzip- leadership principle, single-minded party
under one leader
A good Nazi is one who will die for his Führer
Gained thousands of followers who craved ACTION
Used unemployment, social unrest to gain votes
Hindenburg and other leaders underestimated Hitler and
believed they control him
January 30,1933, named Hitler Chancellor
Hermann Göring (1893-1946) made minister of interior
and created police force of SA
Nazi Germany
February 27:
Hitler accused Communists
Hindenburg issues emergency power to
Hitler
Suspends all basic rights of citizens
: made Hitler dictator
: all institutions under
Nazi control
Purged Jews from government
Concentration camps established
Autonomy of states eliminated
Trade unions destroyed
All parties abolished
Dissent, like from Ernst Röhm, put down
Nazi Germany- The Total State
Total Involvement
– combined symbolism and
amusement to create a totalitarian state
Evoked mass enthusiasm
Economy
Didn’t nationalize industry- doesn’t matter who controls
industry as long as they recognize their master
Public works projects, grants given to private industry
ended depression
Laborers had to have a
– controlled masses
Nazi Germany- The Total State
SS- Schutzstaffeln “protection
squads”
led by Heinrich Himmler (19001945)
Controlled all regular and secret
police under 2 principles
– secret police, criminal police,
concentration camps, execution
squads, death camps
further the Aryan master
race
Hitler Youth- children made
oaths to Hitler
Women given jobs meant to
foster motherhood
Nazi Germany- Creating an Aryan Nation
Two-Day boycott of Jewish businesses
Laws excluded “non-Aryans” from legal, civil service,
medical, teaching, entertainment, press positions
Took away citizenship
Forbade marriages between Jews and Germans
Separate Jews politically, socially, legally
Star of David
Night of the Broken Glass (Nov 9, 1938)
Soviet Union
Troubles
Civil War (1917-1921) 300,000 dead
Red Terror: (1918) 250,000 executions
Famine (1920-1922) 5 million dead
1921: Industry was 20% of 1913 levels
Modified capitalism
Private Ownership reintroduced
Industry and banking remain to Government
1922: “
”
Agriculture boomed, industry did not
Soviet Union
January 21, 1924: Lenin died
(seven members) divided
Left:
Leon Trotsky, wanted to end NEP, carry on revolution
and spread Communism
Right: continue NEP, rejected world revolution, construct a
socialist state
Josef Stalin (1879-1953) party general secretary
1922:
appointed 10,000 to key positions
Supported Right
Gained control in 1927, expelled Trotsky
Soviet Union under Uncle Joe
Transition
from agricultural country to industrial state
Maximum production of capital goods and armaments
Quadrupled
production,
Doubled oil production,
Steel 48 million tons,
Coal 36128 million tons
Soviet Union under
Uncle Joe
Downside of 5 Year Plans
Investment in housing, Wages
declined
Laws limited freedom of movement
Propaganda stressed sacrifice
Collectivization of agriculture
Surplus through elimination of private
farms
Starved peasants to comply
10,000,000 peasants died
Purged Old Bosheviks
8 million arrested, millions died in
Siberian labor camps
Spanish Civil War
King Alfonso supported a coup under General Miguel
Primo de Rivero, but the Great Depression saw this
regime fall apart, and Alfonso fled Spain
Republic led by the Popular Front (Leftist groups) was
unpopular to army officers
General Francisco Franco (1892-1975) led a revolt
Franco
supported by Hitler and Mussolini
Popular Front supported by USSR
Abraham Lincoln Brigade from US fought
400,000 killed, 200,000 executed after war
Cut with the Dada Kitchen Knife through
the Last Weimar Beer-Belly Cultural
Epoch in Germany
Hanna Höch 1919
Impact of WWI on art
WWI, Depression, rise of Fascism added to uncertainty
Fountain
expresses anguish
of times
Marcel Duchamp, 1917
Edvard Munch (1863-1944)
emphasizes purposelessness of life
Rebellion from artistic movements
Hanna Höch (1889-1978)
Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968)
sought reality beyond material
world and
AP EURO Mustache
of the Year
into the unconscious
Nominee
Portrays fantasy, dream, nightmare
Salvador Dalí (1904-1989)
Creates a disturbing world where irrational is tangible
The Scream
1893
The Persistence of Memory
Dali, 1931