Transcript 投影片 1 - 國立臺中教育大學-NTCU

Attention
感官刺激、淺層記憶、深層記憶與學習
感覺  知覺
Message A
Message B
Message C
Message D
B
Limited
capacity
decision
channel
Selective
Filter
STM & WM
Long
term
memory
Senses are the physiological methods of perception.
Responses
Cocktail party effect
Broadbent’s（1958）
Filter Theory of Selective Attention
• Selective attention is what people
colloquially think of when they think of
"attention." It is attending to one stimuli
while ignoring other competing stimuli.
Three primary theories of
selective attention
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Filter theory：Attention filters out extraneous
information
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Basic filter theory (Broadbent)
Attenuation （weakened）theory (Triesman)
Late-filter theory（only some conscious） (Deutsch & Deutsch)
Bottleneck theory：Attention is a bottleneck that
prevents extraneous information from getting through.
(Similar to filter theory)
Resource theory：Attention is a resource-based
process, and once the resource is used up, no other
information can be attended to.
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Driving and conversing with the person next to you vs. Driving
and talking on a cell phone
Broadbent’s（1958）
Filter Theory of Selective Attention
Emails
Message A
B
RSS Feeds
Message B
Chats
Message C
Text Messages
Message D
Selective
Filter
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Limited
capacity
decision
channel
Long
term
memory
Responses
Post Emails
"Top-Down" and "Bottom-Up"
• The filter can be directed by top-down or bottomup influences.
• Top- down influences include a person's own
intentions and expectations.
– If I am trying to read a book, then my intention to read
will direct my attention to the words on the page,
constituting a top-down influence.
• Bottom-up influences, by contrast, are directed
by stimuli in the world that "catch" our attention.
– If someone taps me on the shoulder while I'm reading,
the tap will direct my attention away from the book
and toward that person, constituting a bottom-up
influence.
Sensory Store in Channel Theory
Shadowing
1. Each of ear listens to a different
message (dichotic presentation)
2. The listener is required to repeat the
message that goes to one of the ears
Stroop effect
1. Selectively attending to the color and
ignoring the word
2. Two processes interfere with each other
3. One is automatic
紅 藍 綠 黃 黑
紅 藍 綠 黃 黑
Paying attention
•
Consciousness:
1. Internal stimuli: one’s state of mind
2. External stimuli: features of environment
3. Oneself: personal existence
•
Attention:
1. Enormous amount of information to our senses
2. Limited amount that we perceive
•
Application:
注意廣度實驗
實驗目的
• 注意的廣度是注意的基本品質之一，指的是在一
瞬間人們能夠清楚地把握物件的數量。
• 注意的廣度和記憶的廣度類似，都是一個閾限的
問題。
• 影響注意廣度的因素有很多：如刺激呈現的時間、
注意物件的特點、主體的知識經驗、主體的練習
等等。
1．掌握測定視覺注意廣度的方法。
2．測定個體的視覺注意廣度。
實驗儀器和材料
• 速示儀
• 數形（圓點、數位、
圖形）卡片24張
• 字母卡片48張
實驗程序
1．測定數位圖形的注意廣度
（1）將速示器放在桌上，讓被試面對速示器坐下。調整儀
器的位置，與被試相距25釐米，並使呈現的卡片的中
心與被試的視線等高。
（2）主試先把圓點卡片按隨機順序排好，在卡片後面注明
序號與圓點數目，將刺激呈現時間置於100毫秒，然後
將卡片放入速示器，告知被試注意看儀器的中心，在短
暫的燈亮時間裏看清卡片上的黑點有多少個，然後報告
給被試。主試發出“預備”口令後按動開關，燈亮100
毫秒即行關閉。被試報告看到圓點數，主試依次記錄答
案，但不要告訴被試是否正確。做完一組後把圓點卡片
打亂順序4次重測，一共做5遍。做完之後，休息幾分
鐘。
（3）用數位卡片按上述方法測試，並記錄結果
（4）用圖形卡片按上述方法測試，並記錄結果。
實驗程序
2．測定字母的注意廣度
（1）主試分別使用分散和排列成行的字母卡片、顏
色相同與顏色不同的、大小相同與大小不同的
字母卡片按上述方法測定，不同的是被試在觀
察後，要把所看見的字母寫在紙上。做完1遍
以後，再與原卡片核對，並記下“對”還是
“錯”。
（2）主試記錄核對結果。
實驗結果及處理
• 畫圖或根據實驗結果用直線內插法求出
50%實驗次數被正確判斷的各類刺激數，
即為被試對該類刺激的注意廣度。
問題與討論
1．比較圓點、數位與圖形的注意廣度是否
存在差別。若有差別，原因是什麼？
2．比較分散的與排列成行的、顏色相同的
與顏色不同的、大小相同的與大小不同
的字母的注意廣度是否存在差別。若有
差別，原因是什麼？
3．比較不同的被試的注意廣度是否存在差
異。
Implications of current research
into attention process
• Internally: Biological nature of attention
process
• Externally: Relationships between the
individual and presenting tasks
Biological factors of
attention difficulties
• Appropriate pharmacological treatment
increasing attention efficiency
• Unintended, unwanted side effects, such
as liver damage
Intervention strategies contributing
to academic success
• Family systems counseling _ behavioral
modification _ attention disorders
• Individual counseling
• (a) taking responsibility of one's disability
• (b) developing skills to manage one's medication
schedule
• (c) developing more effective study skills
• (d) making persistent efforts to improve reading,
language, and math skills
Instruction that
attract the attention of learners
• A blend of attention strategies
– (a) the ability to focus attention
– (b) the ability to sustain attention
– (c) the ability to selectively attend to
instructional stimuli
– (d) the ability to engage in academic tasks
requiring alternating attention
– (e) the ability to engage in academic tasks
requiring divided attention
Internal and External treatment
• Pharmacological agents
• Benefits of such treatment should offset
unwanted side effects
• Externalized intervention strategies may
include specific interventions made by
teacher, family, and learner
Working Memory
A common use of
working memory
May be that it is your
working memory capacity
that best ‘measures’ your intelligence.
Key?
Critical on learning ！
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• Working memory contains the information
of which you are immediately aware.
• Key？
Prerequisites！
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• Are they seven chunk or a single chunk？
• Key？
Cognitive strategies！
Why are uniforms uniform? Because
color helps us track objects
• Laboratory tests have revealed that humans can pay
attention to only 3 objects at a time. Yet there are
instances in the real world — for example, in watching a
soccer match — when we certainly think we are paying
attention to more than 3 objects. Are we wrong? No.
A new study shows how we do it — it’s all in the color
coding. People can focus on more than three items at a
time if those items share a common color. But, logically
enough, no more than 3 color sets.
July issue of Psychological Science.
People remember prices more
easily if they have fewer syllables
• The phonological loop — an important component of working
memory —can only hold 1.5 to 2 seconds of spoken information.
• Faster speakers have an advantage over slower speakers.
• A consumer study reveals that every extra syllable in a product‘s
price decreases its chances of being remembered by 20%. Thus,
people who shorten the number of syllables (e.g. 5,325, English vs.
中文) have better recall. However, since we store information both
verbally and visually, it’s also the case that unusual looking prices,
such as $8.88, are recalled better than typical looking prices.
September issue of the Journal of Consumer Research.
Loading：STM & WM ！
Cognitive strategies
• Central executive: Coordinates and
manages the various tasks needed
• Containing several different components
Factors that affect W. Memory
– Food and supplements
• Diet
• Dietary supplements
– Biological rhythms
• Sleep
– Emotion
– Drugs & chemicals
• Hormone therapy
• Alcohol
• Ecstasy
• Other illegal drugs
• PCBs
– Clinical conditions
• Multiple sclerosis
• Head injury
– Development
• Prenatal factors
• Language
• Maths learning
• Face recognition
• Attention
– Gender differences
– Other
Research Results
on Brain and Development ~August 2006
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August 2006
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Exercise helps sustain mental activity as we age
Copper increases cognitive decline in older adults on high-fat diet
Novelty aids learning
Most of the cognitive deficits associated with alcoholism recoverable
Morbid obesity in toddlers linked to low IQ
Childhood sleep apnea linked to brain damage, lower IQ
Ingredient commonly found in shampoos may inhibit brain development
Drug erases long-term memory
Restoring flexibility to old brains
Genetic variations that may be key to the evolution of the human brain
July 2006
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Brain Imaging Identifies Best Memorization Strategies
Curry helps older brains
Vigorous exercise helps children's grades
Drug reverses aging effect on memory process
How multitasking impedes learning
Sleep makes memories resistant to interference
Support for labeling as an aid to memory
Avoiding predators may be the reason for our large brains
Bigger brains associated with domain-general intelligence
Adapted from Science Magazine
Cognitive Process
感覺  知覺
Message A
Message B
Message C
Message D
B
Limited
capacity
decision
Channel
Attention
Selective
Filter
STM & WM
Long
term
memory
Senses are the physiological methods of perception.
Responses
感官刺激、淺層記憶、深層記憶與學習
感覺  知覺
Message A
Message B
Message C
Message D
B
Selective
Filter
Limited
capacity
decision
Channel
Attention
用過即丟
STM & WM
Long
term
memory
Senses are the physiological methods of perception.
Responses
內涵