Transcript Slide 1

Review of the Implementation of the BPfA
Women and the Economy
Reconciliation of Work and Family Life as a Condition
of Equal Participation in the Labour Market
Report
October 20-21, 2011
Krakow
The aim and main objectives of the Report
The aim:
to review progress at EU and Member State levels in
implementing objective 6 of Area F: Women and the Economy
of the BPfA: Promote harmonization of work and family
responsibilities for women and men.
The objectives:
• to give an overview on recent legislative and policy
developments at EU level in the area;
• to assess recent developments in the EU according to
the indicators chosen by the Polish Presidency;
• to give an overview on and evaluate the available data
in this area at EU level;
• to produce a comprehensive report on developments
in implementing the BPfA in Area F: Women and the
Economy
Methodology
• Literature review: reports, documents, secondary sources of
information.
• Harmonized data sources collected and available at EU level:
Eurostat; Eurofound; MISSOC.
• Other data sources: OECD, CoE, HETUS, SHARE, UNECE,
independent research.
• Review of 7 adopted indicators, new indicators were not foreseen.
• There are no data specifically collected for the Beijing indicators
in the area of reconciliation of work, private and family life.
• The absence of a strategy in collecting data for monitoring the BPfA
indicators.
• Lack of available data on EU level on the latest developments in the
allocation of parental leave (mostly country-specific studies).
Indicators reviewed
Strategic objective - promote harmonization of work and family
responsibilities for women and men.
Indicators:
1. Employed women and men on parental leave (paid and
unpaid) – within the meaning of the Parental Leave Directive
96/34/EC
2.
Allocation of parental leave between employed men and
women as a proportion of all parental leave
3.
Children cared for (other than by the family) as a proportion
of all children of the same age group: before entry into noncompulsory pre-school system (during the day); in noncompulsory or equivalent pre-school system (outside preschool hours); in compulsory primary education (outside
school hours)
Indicators reviewed (cont’d.)
4. Comprehensive and integrated policies, particularly
employment policies, aimed at promoting a balance between
working and family life for both men and women.
5. Dependent elderly men and women (unable to look after
themselves on a daily basis) over 75: living in specialised
institutions; who have help (other than the family) at home;
looked after by the family as a proportion of men and women
over 75.
6 + 7 Total ‘tied’ time per day for each employed parent living
with partner/living alone, having one or more children under 12
years old or a dependent: paid working time; travelling time;
basic time spent on domestic work; other time devoted to the
family (upbringing and care for children and care of dependent
adults).
Employment rate by sex and gender gap in the EU27 (age
group 20-64), 2000 and 2010
80
90
Employment target
80
(Europe 2020)
70
70
60
60
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
0
Gender gap, percentage points
Employment rate, percent
90
2000
2001
2002
2003
Employment rate - men
Source: Eurostat, LFS
2004
2005
2006
2007
Employment rate - women
2008
Gender gap
2009
2010
Part-time among women and men in the EU27 (age
group 20-64), 2010
80
70
Percentage
60
50
40
30,8
30
20
7,2
10
0
BG SK HU LT CZ RO GR PL LV CY PT SI EE FI ES MT IT FR EU27 IE DK LU SE UK BE AT DE NL
Men
Source: Eurostat, LFS
Women
15
15
10
10
5
5
0
0
-5
-5
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Unemployment rate - men
Source: Eurostat, LFS
2005
2006
2007
Unemployment rate - women
2008
Gender gap
2009
2010
Gender gap, percentage points
Unemployment rate, percent
Unemployment rate by sex and gender gap in the EU27
(age group 20-64), 2000 – 2010
Gender Gaps in the Labour Market in EU*, 2006 and 2010
2006
Employment rates in age group 20-64
2010
Part-time employment in age group 20-64
Inactive population in age group 20-64
Unemployment rates in age group 20-64
-25,0
-20,0
-15,0
-10,0
-5,0
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
Gender gap in percentage points
Source: Eurostat, LFS
Note: A positive gap indicates higher rate for men in
comparison with
women, while the opposite is
true for a
negative gap.
25,0
Allocation of parental leave btwn men & women 2008, 2009, 2010
Countries (year of
collected data)
Women
Men
98
2
Estonia (2010)
93.1
6.9
France (2010)
97
3
Greece (2010)
85
15
Ireland (2010)
84
16
Lithuania (2010)
93
7
Latvia (2010)
74.6
25.4
Malta (2010)
98
2
Romania (2010)
82
18
Slovakia (2010)
99.8
0.2
96
4
96
4
Czech Republic (2008)
Slovenia (2008)
Spain (2010)
Expenditure to compensate the parents for the loss of
earnings due to childbirth*, 2000 and 2008
Purchasing Power Standard
per inhabitant
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
MT
PL
RO
CY
PT
BE
AT
IT
GR
ES
BG
IE
FR EU27 SK
DE
2000
LV
UK
SI
HU
LT
DK
EE
CZ
FI
SE
2008
Source: Eurostat, ESSPROS
childbirth
Note: The expenditure on parental leave benefit and
on income maintenance benefit in the event of
are included.
LU
Percentage
Children cared for by parents by age groups: under 3 years
and from 3 years to minimum compulsory school age, 2009
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
51
10
NL PT DK CY GR SE RO UK LU SI EE FR ES EU27 IT IE BE CZ AT PL DE FI LV BG SK MT LT HU
Less than 3 years
Sources: Eurostat, EU SILC
From 3 years to minimum compulsory school age
Children under 3 cared for in formal childcare institutions,
2009
80
70
60
Percentage
50
40
Barcelona target
30
13
20
10
14
0
PL CZ SK RO HU BG MT AT LT GR LV DE IE CY EE IT FI EU27 SI BE LU UK PT ES FR NL SE DK
1-29 hours
Barcelona target
Sources: Eurostat, EU SILC
30+ hours
Percentage
Children between 3 and the minimum compulsory school
age in formal childcare institutions, 2009
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Barcelona target
44
40
PL BG LT GR RO CZ LU HU LV SK FI MT AT CY PT DK EU27 IE NL DE SI UK EE IT ES SE FR BE
Sources: Eurostat, EU SILC
1-29 hours
Barcelona target
30+ hours
Comprehensive and integrated policies aimed at
promoting a work-life balance for women and men
A remarkable effort is visible (since French Presidency report
(2008)):
• to improve access to childcare through increased offer of
childcare facilities as well as increased childcare benefits
• to promote the use of paternity and parental leave (new leave
entitlements, extension of coverage, encouraging men’s take up
of leave, etc.)
• to promote female labour force participation and female
entrepreneurship
The potential negative effects of the economic crisis need to be
noted and assessed through the gender equality
perspective.
Dependent elderly receiving formal (in institutions and at
home) and informal care, 2007
100
Percentage of total elderly
90
80
59
70
60
50
40
30
27
20
10
14
0
DK MT NL SE GR AT IE FR BE LU DE CZ UK EU27 FI PT
Receiving care in an institution
Sources: EC, Ageing Report (2009)
SI RO ES IT LT PL HU SK EE BG LV CY
Receiving care at home
Relying only on informal (or no) care
Conclusions and recommendations
• To different degrees, gender gaps reflecting women’s
disadvantaged position in employment, full or part time,
unemployment and inactivity are still present in the
labour markets of the Member States.
• The data for 2000 and 2008 on expenditure (purchasing
power standards (PPS) per capita) on parental leave in
EU Member States show that in 2008 the majority of
Member States (23) increased expenditure on
parental leave (through parental leave and income
maintenance benefits).
Conclusions and recommendations (cont’d.)
• Women account for the majority of recipients of parental
leave. The allocation of specific periods of leave only
to fathers, establishing a premium for fathers’ take-up
and implementing compensation via a dedicated paid
leave system is suggested to be considered in national
policies.
• It is important to focus on how to ensure the break up
of the existing stereotypical cycle and attitudinal
change. Family-related leave, taken by women or men,
should not be seen to adversely affect career
progression (especially by men).
Conclusions and recommendations (cont’d.)
• A percentage of children under 3 in formal care still fall
short of the Barcelona target. Increasing the
availability and the extension in the coverage of
hours in childcare services is recommended at policy and
implementation levels.
• Flexibility of childcare services refers to opening hours
and to flexible use of the facility during the week or year.
A low degree of synchronisation between formal childcare
services and working hours brings a critical difficulty for
the reconciliation of roles.
Conclusions and recommendations (cont’d.)
• Formal care for dependent older persons stay at low
percentages. Care work, be it formal or informal, is carried out
mainly by women. Measures to tackle the deficit of affordable and
accessible formal care for older people and to break occupational
segregation by gender within care sector are encouraged.
• Altogether, women work longer when paid and unpaid work is
considered and do more unpaid work compared with men. Altering
the traditional stereotype landscape where parenting and care work
are considered a primary duty of women should be considered.
Functioning approaches and good practices of behavioural change
among men in relation to greater engagement in the unpaid family
care work and parenting should be promoted and shared.
Conclusions and recommendations (cont’d.)
• Stronger gender mainstreaming is recommended in
national and international statistical systems, in
particular, by developing sex-disaggregated data
necessary for policy development, implementation,
monitoring and evaluation. Given the difficulties and the
cost of collecting new data, a stronger cooperation among
the key players in data collection is suggested.
Contacts
EIGE - General enquiries
[email protected]
www.eige.europa.eu/content/activities/beijing-platform-for-action
European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE)
Švitrigailos g. 11M
LT- 03228 Vilnius
Lithuania
Switchboard: +370 5 239 4140 / 4107