Transcript PowerPoint to accompany

PowerPoint Lecture Outlines
to accompany
Hole’s Human
Anatomy and Physiology
Eleventh Edition
Shier w Butler w Lewis
Chapter
22
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1
Chapter 22
Reproductive Systems
Male reproductive organs
2
Male Reproductive Organs
posterior view
3
Descent of the Testes
During fetal development, each testis develops near a kidney and
then descends through an inguinal canal and enters the scrotum
completing the journey by the eighth gestational month.
4
Structure of the Testes
5
Formation of Sperm Cells
6
Spermatogenesis
7
Crossing Over
• mixes up genetic traits
• different colors
represent the fact that
one homologous
chromosome comes
from the individual’s
father and one from the
mother
8
Crossing Over
• the genetic information
in sperm cells and egg
cells varies from cell to
cell
9
Structure of a Sperm Cell
10
Male Internal
Accessory Organs
• epididymides
• vasa deferentia
• seminal vesicles
• prostate gland
• bulbourethral glands
11
Epididymides
• tightly coiled tubes
• connected to ducts
within testis
• promote maturation
of sperm cells
12
Vasa Deferentia
• muscular tubes
• about 45 cm each
• extends from epididymis to ejaculatory duct
13
Seminal Vesicles
• attached to vas
deferens near base of
bladder
• secrete alkaline fluid
• secrete fructose and
prostaglandins
• contents empty into
ejaculatory duct
14
Prostate Gland
• surrounds proximal
portion of urethra
• ducts of gland open into
urethra
• secretes a thin, milky,
alkaline fluid
• secretion enhances fluid
mobility
• composed of tubular
glands in connective tissue
• also contains smooth
muscle
15
Bulbourethral Glands
• inferior to the prostate
gland
• secrete mucus-like fluid
• fluid released in
response to sexual
stimulation
16
Semen
• sperm cells
• secretions of seminal vesicles, prostate gland,
and bulbourethral glands
• slightly alkaline
• prostaglandins
• nutrients
• 120 million sperm cells per milliliter
17
Male External
Reproductive Organs
• scrotum
• penis
18
Scrotum
• pouch of skin and subcutaneous tissue
• dartos muscle – smooth muscle in subcutaneous
tissue; contracts to cause wrinkling of the scrotum
• medial septum divides scrotum into two
chambers
• each chamber lines with a serous membrane
• each chamber houses a testis and epididymis
19
Penis
• conveys urine and semen
• specialized to become erect for insertion into the vagina
20
Penis
21
Erection, Orgasm, and
Ejaculation
Erection
• parasympathetic nerve impulses
• blood accumulates in erectile tissues
Orgasm
• culmination of sexual stimulation
• accompanied by emission and ejaculation
Ejaculation
• emission is the movement of semen into urethra
• ejaculation is the movement of semen out of the urethra
• largely dependent on sympathetic nerve impulses 22
Mechanism of Penile Erection
23
Mechanism of Emission and
Ejaculation
24
Functions of the Male
Reproductive Organs
25
Hormonal Control of Male
Reproductive Functions
• hypothalamus controls
maturation of sperm cells
and development of male
secondary sex
characteristics
• negative feedback
among the hypothalamus,
the anterior lobe of the
pituitary gland, and the
testes controls the
concentration of
testosterone
26
Actions of Testosterone
• increased growth of body hair
• sometimes decreased growth of scalp hair
• enlargement of larynx and thickening of vocal cords
• thickening of skin
• increased muscular growth
• thickening and strengthening of the bones
27
Organs of the Female
Reproductive System
28
Transverse Section of Female
Pelvic Cavity
29
Ovary Attachments
30
Primordial Follicles
31
Oogenesis
• the process of egg cell formation
32
Follicle Maturation
Primordial follicle
Mature (Graafian) follicle
33
Follicle Maturation
34
Ovulation
35
Ovulation
36
Female Internal
Accessory Organs
• uterine tubes
• uterus
• vagina
37
Uterine Tubes
• convey eggs toward the uterus
38
Lining of Uterine Tubes
39
Uterine Wall
40
Uterus
• hollow muscular organ that receives the embryo that has been
fertilized in the uterine tube
41
Vagina
• fibromuscular tube that conveys uterine secretions, receives the
penis during intercourse, and provides an open channel for
offspring
42
Female External
Reproductive Organs
• labia majora
• labia minora
• clitoris
• vestibular glands
43
Labia Majora
• rounded folds of adipose
tissue and skin
• enclose and protect the
other external reproductive
parts
• ends form a rounded
elevation over the symphysis
pubis
44
Labia Minora
• flattened, longitudinal
folds between the labia
majora
• well supplied with
blood vessels
45
Clitoris
• small projection at the
anterior end of the vulva
• analogous to the male
penis
• composed of two columns
of erectile tissue
• root is attached to the
sides of the pubic arch
46
Vestibule
• space between the labia
minora that encloses the
vaginal and urethral
openings
• vestibular glands secrete
mucus into the vestibule
during sexual stimulation
47
Functions of the Female
Reproductive Organs
48
Erection, Lubrication, and
Orgasm
49
Hormonal Control of Female
Reproductive Functions
• estrogens
inhibit LH and
FSH during
most of the
reproductive
cycle
50
Effects of Estrogens
• development of breasts and ductile system
of the mammary glands
• increased adipose tissue in breasts, thighs,
and buttocks
• increases vascularization of skin
51
Female Reproductive Cycle
52
Female Reproductive Cycle
53
Hormonal Control of Female
Secondary Sex Characteristics
54
Menopause
• usually occurs in late 40s or early 50s
• reproductive cycles stop
• ovaries no longer produce as much estrogens and
progesterone
• some female secondary sex characteristics may
disappear
• may produce hot flashes and fatigue
• hormone therapy may prevent effects on bone tissue
55
Mammary Glands
• located in the subcutaneous
tissue of the anterior thorax
within the breasts
• composed of lobes
• estrogens stimulate breast
development in females
56
Birth Control
• coitus interruptus
• rhythm method
• mechanical barriers
• condom
• diaphragm
• cervical cap
• spermicidal foams or jellies
• chemical barriers
• spermicides
• oral contraceptives
• hormonal
• injectable contraception
• hormonal
• intrauterine devices
• surgical methods
• vasectomy
• tubal ligation
57
Surgical Methods of
Birth Control
Vasectomy
Tubal ligation
58
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
• silent infections
• most are bacterial and can be cured
• herpes, warts, and AIDS are viral and cannot be cured
• many cause infertility
• AIDS causes death
• symptoms of STDs include
• burning sensation during urination
• pain in lower abdomen
• fever or swollen glands
• discharge from vagina or penis
• pain, itch, or inflammation in genital or anal area
• sores, blisters, bumps or rashes
• itchy runny eyes
59
Clinical Application
Prostate Enlargement
• benign prostatic hypertrophy occurs in most men over 50
• BPH causes frequent urination
• risk factors include a fatty diet, having had a vasectomy, exposure to
certain environmental factors, and inheriting a a particular gene that
also causes breast cancer
• treatments include surgical removal, drugs, insertion of balloon into
urethra, freezing of tumor, or insertion of a stent between lobes of
prostate to relieve pressure on urethra
60