ST120 Concorde Career College, Portland

   Define the term reproduction.

Describe the functions of the male and female reproductive systems.

List and identify the internal and external structures of the male and female reproductive systems and describe the function of each.

  List and identify the support structures of the male and female reproductive systems and describe the function of each.

List the primary and secondary male and female sex characteristics.

  List the hormones that affect or are produced by the male and female reproductive systems and describe the function of each.

Trace the route that the sperm cell follows from spermatogenesis until it exits the body.

    Identify the phases of the menstrual cycle.

Define the term pregnancy.

Outline development of the embryo/fetus and the related support structures.

List the stages of labor and describe the process of childbirth.

  Describe the mechanism by which the reproductive system helps to maintain homeostasis.

Describe common diseases, disorders, and conditions of the male and female reproductive systems including signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and available treatment options.

 Demonstrate knowledge of medical terminology related to the male and female reproductive systems verbally and in the written form.

Reproduction (procreation) is the total process by which organisms produce offspring (progeny).

      Testes Duct System Semen Formation Urethra and Penis Spermatozoa Hormonal Control of Male Reproduction

    Contained within the scrotum Separated by a septum Suspended by the spermatic cord Tunics

  Lobules ◦ Seminiferous tubules  Produce sperm Septa ◦ Interstitial cells  Produce testosterone

Two Functions: 1. Sperm Development 2. Development and maintenance of the secondary sex characteristics

Semen is a mixture of sperm and secretions from the seminal vesicle, the prostate, and the bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands. The purpose of semen is to nourish and transport the sperm, neutralize the acidity of the vagina, and lubricate the reproductive tract during intercourse.

   Seminal Vesicles : Pouchlike glands that secrete a thick, yellowish fluid that is high in fructose. Provides energy for the sperm. 60% of volume of secretions Prostate Gland : Lies just below the bladder and secretes a thin, milk colored fluid that helps activate sperm. 30% Bulbourethral Gland : Empty their secretions into the penile portion of the urethra and is sometimes called “pre-ejaculate”. Lubricates the terminal portion of the urethra. 5% aka Cowpers’s Gland (located below the prostate gland)

  Epididymis Ductus (vas) deferens

  Ejaculatory duct Urethra

1. Seminiferous tubules 2. Epididymis 3. Vas Deferens 4. Ejaculatory Duct 5. Urethra

   Shaft Foreskin (prepuce) Glans

  Corona Glans

      Corpus cavernosum (2) Corpus spongiosum (1) Urethra Dorsal vein Dorsal artery Nerve

    Spermatogonia are stem cells that divide by mitosis. sperm precursor cell At puberty, FSH causes the spermatogonium to divide by mitosis and produce two daughter cells. One remains a spermatogonium, the other becomes a primary spermatocyte.

Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis which ultimately results in sperm production.

 The daughter cells from meiosis are called spermatids and will develop into spermatozoa.

 ◦ Spermatozoa only contain half the genetic material.

23 Chromosomes

Pre-Puberty sex cells (spermatogonium) multiply by mitosis Puberty Sex cells (spermatocytes) multiply by meiosis to produce Sperm cells

 All of the characteristics that a baby will inherit from its father are contained in the genetic material found in each sperm head.

 The nucleus is covered by an acrosome that contains enzymes to penetrate the ovum.

 Each sperm has a midpiece and an elongated tail. of the tail.

Mitochondria (powerplants) in the midpiece provides ATP for movement

   Head ◦ Neck ◦ Midpiece Acrosome Flagellum

  FSH LH (ICSH)

       Ovaries ◦ Ova Oviducts Uterus Vagina Vulva Breasts Hormonal Control

   Oval shape Secured by several ligaments Produce ova

   Follicles ◦ Primary ◦ Secondary ◦ Graafian Corpus hemorrhagicum Corpus luteum ◦ Early ◦ Mature

Mature follicle releases the ovum for potential fertilization

   Production of female gametes or sex cells (ova) Meiosis is responsible for development of the ova As a result of meiosis, each daughter cell has 23 chromosomes, but the cytoplasm is divided unequally. The result is one ova and three polar bodies that degenerate.

 Hormone production begins at puberty with the maturation of the ovum. The granulosa cells around the oocyte in the growing and mature follicle secrete estrogen. The corpus luteum secretes chiefly progesterone.

   After a mature follicle releases its egg, the ruptured follicle is then called the Corpus Luteum The corpus luteum secretes chiefly progesterone Can produce progesterone for about 11 days post ovulation

Secrete estrogen Secretes progesterone

    Development and maturation of female reproductive organs Appearance of pubic hair and breast development ( secondary sex characteristics ) Development of female contours (2 characteristics) nd sex Initiation of the first menstrual cycle

 Stimulates proliferation and vascularization of the epithelial lining of the uterus and acts with estrogen to initiate the menstrual cycle

    Also known as uterine or fallopian tubes Muscular structures that transport the ova toward the uterus Fimbriae Infundibulum

 Muscular structure that contains embryo/fetus to maturity

   Fundus Body Cervix

   From outer to inner: Perimetrium Myometrium Endometrium

   Muscular tube connecting the uterus to the outside Receives the cervix Circular recession of the vagina is called the fornix

  ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Collectively called the vulva Consists of: ◦ Mons pubis Clitoris Orifice of urethra Labia minora (small lips) Hymen Orifice of Bartholin’s gland Orifice of vagina Labia majora (large lips)

  Mons pubis is a skin-covered pad of fat over the symphysis pubis.

Labia majora are elongated folds composed of fat and numerous glands.

 Labia minora are located within the labia majora.

The two labias join anteriorly.

    The clitoris is composed of erectile tissue.

The vaginal orifice is sometimes partially closed by a membrane called the hymen.

The ducts of the Bartholin gland open on either side of the vaginal orifice inside the labia minora.

Perineum is the area between the vagina and the anus.

      External genitalia Labia ◦ Majora ◦ Minora Clitoris ◦ Prepuce Skene’s glands Bartholin’s glands Perineum

Secretes into the space between the labia minors and vaginal orifice (Vestibule)

 Lactation   External structure: Nipple Areola

  Internal Structure Lobes - consist of glandular tissue and fat Lactiferous ducts - convey milk to the nipple

    FSH Estrogen LH Progesterone

      The 1 st menses or menstrual flow is called menarche .

Typical cycle is 28 days. Length will vary.

Each cycle has three phases: menses , proliferative phase, and secretory phase.

Menses is characterized by menstrual bleeding.

Proliferative phase (“rebuilding”) begins after menstrual flow ends and lasts until ovulation.

Secretory phase begins at ovulation and lasts until the next menses.

  When menstration starts > small pieces of the endometrium pull loose > leaving torn blood vessels underneath > blood and bits of endometrium trickle out of the uterus > vagina > out of the body Menopause – ceasing to menstrate, usually around 50 years of age

   Ovulation occurs 14 days before the next menses begins An ovum lives only a short time after it is ejected from its follicle A woman’s fertile period is only a few days each month

  Day 1 to about day 7, the anterior pituitary gland secretes increasing amounts of FSH. This stimulates several immature ovarian follicles to start growing and secrete estrogens.

As estrogen increases, LH is secreted. This causes maturation of a follicle, ovulation, and luteinization of the corpus luteum.

 Gametes: ova sex cells. In humans, sperm and  Zygote: a cell that results from fertilization and develops into a new individual.

          Phimosis Impotence Anorchism Cryptochidism Epididymitis Hydrocele Torsion of the testis Varicocele Priapism Castration           Circumcision Orchidectomy Varicocelectomy Vasectomy Vasovasostomy Endometriosis Fibroid Uterine prolapse Uterine cancer HPV

          Oophorectomy Tubal ligation Myoma Conization Ectopic pregnancy Dysmenorrhea Benign prostatic Hypertrophy Cervical cancer Colporrhexis       Breast cancer Colposcopy Endometrial biopsy Hysteroscopy Salgino Salpingectomy

     Radical prostatectomy Radical hysterectomy Vasovasectomy Hysterectomy Bilateral oophorectomy