Transcript Folie 1 - Uni Oldenburg

BM3
Introduction to English Linguistics
Part II
Session 2: Phonetics
Who am I?
Rebecca Carroll, M.A.
Contact options:
• Stud.IP
• A 10 1-103 / phone 0441-798 3181
• Email: [email protected]
All information can be found on my homepage:
www.staff.uni-oldenburg.de/rebecca.carroll
Literature
Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., Hyams, N. (2006). An Introduction
to Language. 8th ed. Wadsworth.
Roach, P. (2000). English Phonetics & Phonology – A Practical
Course. 3rd ed. Cambridge: CUP.
Ladefoged, P. (2006). A Course in Phonetics. 5th ed.
Hanke, J. & Intemann, F. (2000). The Interactive Introduction
to Linguistics. CD ROM. Version 2.0. München: Hueber.
See Handapparat for further introductory books
Any Questions So Far?
• Organizational
• Concerning the lecture
• Concerning this class
Overview:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Where are we?
Phonetics/ Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
Semantics
Pragmatics
Applied Linguistics
major areas
of (theoretical)
linguistics
(Historical Linguistics, Sociolinguistics, Textlinguistics,
Psycholinguistics, Neurolinguistics, Computational Linguistics, …)
Phonetics – The Art of Articulation
What organs are involved when we produce sounds?
•
•
•
•
•
Airstream mechanisms
Phonation
Vocal tract
Articulators
Tongue
Phonetic Description of Sounds
•
•
•
•
Phonation
Place of articulation
Manner of articulation
Lip rounding
Places of Articulation:
the Vocal Tract
Places of Articulation:
the Tongue
Places of Articulation:
Vowels
Places of Articulation: Consonantal
Chart
Places of Articulation:
Consonantal Chart
International
Phonetics
Association
Manners of Articulation
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Plosive
Fricative
Nasal
Approximant
Trill
Lateral
Flap/ tap
Co-articulation and Other Nuissances
A sound can be slightly altered in anticipation of the
following sound, so that the articulators have to „work
less“.
e.g.
• Lips of an unrounded vowel (or consonant) can be slightly
rounded in anticipation of a labial consonant
• Vowels preceding a nasal are typically slightly nasalized
as well
Transcription issues:
• The length of a vowel is also transcribed /uː/ as in ‚two‘
• Usually, you will also find stress marks: primary stress
/ˈ/ as in /əˈbəʊt/ and secondary stress /ˌ/ as in /ˌlɪŋˈɡwɪs.tɪks/
Your Turn!
Name the articulators/ vocal organs in the figures.
Your turn!
Listen to the sounds and write down the phonetic
properties referring to




Manner of articulation
Place of articulation
Lip rounding
Tongue position (front/ back/ high/ low)
Your turn!
Determine the sound of the following sound-descriptions and
find an example word which contains that sound.
e.g. /b/ as in bat
voiced velar plosive
voiceless bilabial plosive
voiced alveolar nasal
voiceless labiodental fricative
voiced labio-velar approximant
voiced alvolar lateral
voiceless glottal fricative
unrounded close-mid front v.
rounded open back vowel
neutral mid central vowel
rounded close-mid back v.
unr. open(-mid) front vowel
rounded open-mid back v.
unrounded close-mid front v.
(Brief) Description of Articulatory Actions
of the Word „Ship“
1. Starting point: normal breathing (how?)
2. Blade of tongue is raised against in the
post-alveolar region of the hard palate; lips
are slightly rounded.
3. Lungs are compressed to produce an
egressive pulmonic airstream; air escapes
through a passage along the center of the
tongue causing friction.
4. Vocal fold vibration begins; tongue is lowered and moved to a
high front position; lips are rounded.
5. Lips are closed to form a closure in the vocal tract; air is
compressed, voicing ceases.
6. Release of compressed air by opening mouth, air escapes.
7. Lung pressure is lowered and the articulators return to normal
(breathing position).
Your turn!
Try to give the same detailed description for the
articulation of (one of) the following words:
- this
- those
- bang
- bee
- shoes
- myth
Pay special attention to details such as coarticulation,
nasalization, voicing, etc.