Transcript Slide 1

‫بنام خدا‬
‫عباس بهرامی‬
‫عضو هیات علمی گروه بهداشت حرفه ای ‪ .‬دانشکده بهداشت‬
‫دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کاشان‬
‫‪[email protected]‬‬
‫اهداف یادگیری ‪ :‬انتظار میرود دانشجویان در‬
‫پایان جلسه بتوانند‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ارگونومی را تعریف کنند‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬اهداف ارگونومی را بیان کنند‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬اجزای ارگونومی را توضیح دهند‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬بیماریهای مرتبط با ارگونومی را نام ببرند‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬عوامل مرتبط با مشکالت اسکلتی –‬
‫عضالنی را شرح دهند‪.‬‬
An ounce of Prevention is worth a
pound of cure !
Designs vs Needs
ERGONOMICS
What it is and why you should be
interested in it
ERGONOMICS comes from
ERGOS = Greek for work
NOMOS = natural law
Other words for Ergonomics
• Human Factors (American)
• Human Engineering
‫تعريف ارگونومی‬
‫ارگونومی علم و مهارت طراحی مشاغل و محيط های کار برای تطابق با‬
‫توانائيها و محدويت های انسان‪.‬‬
‫ارگونومی به مفهوم “تناسب کار با فرد”است‬
‫ارگونومی علم متناسب کردن شرايط محيط کار و نيازمنديهای شغل با‬
‫توانائيهای فرد است‪.‬‬
‫استراتژی‪ :‬ارگونومی توانائيها و محدويت های جسمانی و روانی کارگر را که با‬
‫ابزارآالت‪،‬تجهيزات‪،‬روشهای کار‪،‬وظايف و محيط کار در تعامل است مورد‬
‫توجه و بررس ی قرار می دهد‪.‬‬
Ergonomics is a study of work
 Word “Ergonomics” coined in 1949
 Focus on man-machine interaction
 Originally concerned with the military
applications, particularly aeronautics
Human Factors
“Human
Factors” traditionally has focused on people’s
behavior as they interact with equipment and their
environment and on human size and strength
capabilities.
Human Factors has also been applied to the design of
consumer products. Examples of products which
have incorporated human factors principles include:
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the “Reach” toothbrush;
automobile interiors/instrumentation;
adjustable chairs;
garden tools.
‫ارگونومی بيشتر بر روی اين موضوع‪ .‬بحث می کند که انجام کار‬
‫چگونه بر انسان اثر می کند و برای پاسخ به پرسشهای مطرح‬
‫واکنشهای فيزيولوژيک بدن در برابر کارهای جسمانی ‪،‬عوامل‬
‫محيطی مانند گرما‪،‬صدا‪،‬روشنايی‪،‬ارتعاش‪،‬نوبت کاری و غيره‬
‫را مورد مطالعه قرار می دهد‪.‬‬
‫در ارگونومی بر روی روشهای کاهش خستگی تاکيد می گردد‪.‬‬
‫اهداف ارگونومی بهبود کیفیت زندگی انسان‬
‫رفاه‬
‫ارگونومی‬
‫بهره وری و کارايی‬
‫توليد‬
‫فيزيولوژيکی‬
‫روانی‬
‫سالمتی و ايمنی‬
‫برای دستيابی به اهداف ارگونومی بايد به ويژگيهای سه مولفه زير توجه‬
‫شود‪:‬‬
‫فرد‬
‫محیط‬
‫کار‬
‫ويژگيهای انسانی‬
‫ويژگيهای انسانی را به سه دسته زير تقسيم می کنند‪:‬‬
‫فيزيکی ‪ :‬اندازه و ابعاد بدن‪،‬قدرت جسمی‬
‫فيزيولوژيک ‪:‬دستگاه قلبی عروقی و تنفسی‬
‫روانی‪:‬ادراک حافظه‪،‬پردازش اطالعات‬
‫انسانها در اين ابعاد متفاوت هستند‪.‬‬
‫ارگونومی اين ويژگيها را ارزيابی و اندازه گيری و از نتايج بدست‬
‫آمده برای تناسب و تطابق بيشتر انسان و محيط و کارش استفاده می کند‪.‬‬
‫ميزان تطابق و تناسب‬
‫ارگونومی يک دانش چند رشته ای است‬
‫آناتومی و فيزيولوژی‬
‫روانشناسی‬
‫مهندسی‬
‫پزشکی‬
‫جامعه شناسی‬
‫بيومکانيک‬
‫ايمنی و بهداشت حرفه ای‬
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Every year
thousands of
workers are injured
while lifting, pushing,
and pulling all
manner of heavy
and/or bulky objects.
Soft-tissue injuries
can occur over
many weeks or
months (as with
tendonitis) or can
happen instantly
(as in a car
accident, during a
fall, or while lifting
heavy loads).
Typically, recovery
is slow, and in
some cases full
recovery is never
realized.
The goal of this module
is to present the reader
with a number of ways to
reduce soft-tissue
injuries (such as muscle
strain, tendonitis and low
back pain), and to stress
the importance of injury
prevention through work
practice changes,
engineering solutions,
and hazard awareness.
Let’s start by taking a
look at a common site of
ergonomic injury - the
back.
People involved in manual materials handling often
experience low back discomfort or pain in the lumbar
region of the spine.
7 cervical (neck)
vertebrae
12 thoracic (middle
back) vertebrae
Lumbar Spine
5 lumbar (low back)
vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx (tailbone)
Spinal Cord
This diagram
depicts a
Vertebra
herniated
disk. Inner
Disc
disk material
(purple) may
press on
spinal
Inner - disc material
nerves
causing a
variety of
Ruptured Disc
symptoms.
Nerves
Facet Joint
The risk of low back injury can be reduced by using
the following lifting recommendations:
• avoid placing objects either very
high or very low.
• purchase supplies in containers
with reduced size and weight.
• provide handles to improve grip.
• design the job to reduce twisting.
• eliminate bending and/or stooped
postures.
• provide mechanical assistance.
Avoid high
and low
object
placement,
especially as
the weight
and/or size
of the object
increases.
Too high
Too high
Too low
The use of
mechanized
equipment is
encouraged, but
heavy equipment is
not always
available or suited
to the site.
When lifting heavy and/or bulky
objects manually, be sure to:
• test the object’s weight before
lifting it.
• keep the object close to the body.
• avoid twisting and bending.
• avoid rapid, jerky movements.
• ask for assistance from a coworker when appropriate.
Keeping loads
close to the body
reduces forces on
the low back.
Rapid, jerky,
and/or twisting
motions, as
depicted here,
should be
avoided.
Poor lifting
technique
Good lifting
technique
The safest lift is
no lift. Look for
ways to
eliminate lifts
altogether.
In this case it
may be practical
to slide the seed
bag to the truck
tailgate, cut a
hole in the bag,
and let the seed
fall into the
spreader.
The lifting posture
depicted at right is
often referred to as a
“squat lift.”
The squat lift is a
good choice for many
lifting tasks.
When using the squat
lift, keep the spine
“straight” (use the “tail
out” posture), while
bending at the knees
and hips.
While a good choice
for many lifting tasks
and often
recommended, the
squat lift (right) has
limitations and is not
the best technique
for every situation.
People with weak
leg muscles may not
be able to use this
technique and those
with “bad” knees
may be reluctant to
lift in this manner.
A popular
alternative to the
squat lift is the
“power” lift (near
right). With the
power lift, the legs
are bent, but not as
much as with the
squat lift (far right).
With the power lift
there is minimal
spinal flexion
(bending). Most or
all of the bending
should occur at the
knees and hips.
It’s also
perfectly
acceptable to
break the load
down and
make several
trips with more
manageable
loads.
The box at right weighs
57 pounds. The weight
and bulk of this
container makes it risky
to handle manually. If a
lift truck or hoist is not
practical, the container
size and weight should
be reduced.
Often a supplier will balk
at making such changes
- only to admit after
instituting them - that
the changes improved
safety and productivity
at their facility.
Occasionally
lifting can be
avoided by
rolling or
sliding the
object.
With proper
equipment,
heavy loads
can be easily
manipulated
with little
strain placed
on muscletendon units.
Bulky
loads are
inherently
awkward
to lift.
Good lifting
technique
can reduce
the hazard.
Good
technique,
combined with
assistance from
a coworker, can
significantly
reduce the
lifting hazard.
With any lifting
task, a variety of
risk-reduction
strategies should
be considered.
Filling the bottom
of this bin with a
few inches of solid
foam would reduce
the amount of
bending required.
Some lifting tasks are quite awkward due to object size
and shape. Removing bench seats from vans is one
such task. Minimize the force of the lift by lifting one end
at a time. Let gravity assist with the lift by letting the
bench slide over the bumper.
1
2
3
When installing the bench, avoid lifting the entire unit by
sliding the bench up over the bumper. Lift with the legs,
bend at the knees & hips, and use the “tail out” posture.
Use slow steady motion. Jerking the object may lead to
injury. Assistance from a coworker is encouraged.
1
2
3
As mentioned
previously, the best
lift is no lift. The task
shown is tire rotation.
Both tires are
removed. Then, one
at a time, the tires
are rolled along the
hydraulic lift platform.
A very short lift (inset)
gets the wheel back
on the wheel hub.
“Hand” tools
such as this
drum dolly
reduce lifting
demands. This
in turn reduces
task time, the
odds of injury,
and the
metabolic
energy cost of
the work.
Good
housekeeping
is just as
important as
good
ergonomics.
Slips, trips and
falls account
for a large
percentage of
workplace
injuries.
Awkward postures
(inset) can be
tough on the body
if they must be
maintained. This
oil-filling operation
is kept short by
using an efficient
oil-delivery
system.
Task automation
often
simultaneously
improves task
ergonomics and
reduces labor
costs.
Of jobs that
are tough on
the low back,
“scooping” is
one of the
worst.
Straight knees
and rounded
back are a
recipe for
trouble.
To reduce the risk
of low back injury,
take small
scoops and use
legs for at least
some of the
lifting. Keep the
spine “straight”
(tail out) and
bend with knees
and hips rather
than with the
spine.
A variety of
techniques are
available to
reduce the
likelihood of softtissue injury.
Back, arm and
shoulder strains
can be reduced
by pushing
objects vs.
pulling them.
Pushing
reduces
risk.
Pulling
increases
risk.
Human thumbs are
not well suited to
high forces.
The pinch grip (1 &
2) should be
minimized or
avoided altogether.
A two handed
fingertip grip (3) is
an improvement,
but it would be best
to place the fingers
under the container
(4).
1
1
2
3
4
Case study:
Improved ergonomics
results in improved
productivity for a soil
media task.
“Old” system:
1. clod busting
2. pouring soil
1
2
3
4
5
6
3. screening soil
4. mixing media
5. moving media
6. media clean-up
New system:
1. loading
pulverizer
2. pulverized soil
3. screening soil
4. mixing media
1
1
2
33
4
4
5 5
66
5. hydraulic lift
6. unloading media
The old system
(top) involved high
energy
expenditure, highly
repetitive motions,
and awkward
postures.
The new semiautomated system
(bottom) eliminates
many of these
ergonomic risk
factors and has
paid for itself
through
productivity gains.
1
1
22
33
4
4
5
6
Please also consider
the importance of
task planning in a
sound ergonomics
program.
Bringing proper tools
to the work site will
go a long way
toward minimizing
soft tissue injuries.
Additionally, task
difficulty and time
are reduced.
If you are experiencing
soft tissue pain or
discomfort, be sure to
seek the advice of a
health care provider.
In particular, physical
therapists can provide
detailed instruction in
proper body mechanics
and can teach these
principles and
techniques in person.
This module has
detailed ergonomic
basics of manual
materials handling.
For more information
please see the other
ergonomics e-books
on the EH&S web
page at
http://www.ehs.iastate.
edu/ih/ergo/ergo.htm.
Additionally, EH&S
staff are available for
on-site consultation.
Contact us at 2945359.
Scope of Human Factors
Engineering
Different levels of study and intervention: •
Micro-level –
Physical design of tools, •
human-computer interface,
physical environment
Macro-level –
Organizational design, •
job design, change management
‫عوارض جسمی ناشی از به هم خوردن چرخه شبانه روزی‬
‫در نوبتكاريهای چرخشی‬
‫• بيماريهای قلبی‬
‫• ناراحتيهای گوارشی مانند كم اشتهايی‪ ،‬زخم معده و‪...‬‬
‫• ديابت‬
‫• اعتياد به سيگار‪ ،‬موادمخدر و مشروبات الكلی‬
‫• فشار خون باال‬
‫• اختالالت روانی‬
‫• انزوا‬
‫‪7/20/2015‬‬