Transcript European monarchs

EUROPEAN
MONARCHS
Chapter 18
Royal Theories
A ruler with
COMPLETE control
God hand-picks those who
rule and therefore Monarchs should have
complete control – because they are God’s
choice
SPAIN

CHARLES I (Charles V)
 Hapsburg
 Territory
included Spain, Low Countries of Belgium,
Netherlands, land in Americas
 1519: Holy Roman Emperor “Charles V”
 Works
closely with RCC, Protestants a direct threat
 Declares Martin Luther an Outlaw
 Years of War against Protestants
Spain
: 1555, each German
prince right to decide Protestant or Catholic
Spain Splits Empire

1556: Divides empire between brother and son
 Brother
took over old Hapsburg holdings in
Austria
 Son (Phillip II) rules Netherlands, Spain, Sicily,
and American colonies
 Charles lives rest of life in monastery
SPAIN

1550 – 1650: Golden Age of Art
 El
Greco
 Diego Velázquez
 Miguel de Cervantes
SPAIN

PHILLIP II
 Devout
Catholic, leader of
Counter Reformation
 Married to Mary I of England
 Clashed with Protestants in
Low Countries (Netherlands,
Belgium, Luxembourg)
Spain
 1560’s:
Revolt! Dutch refuse to declare allegiance
“
” with Duke of Alba
 1609: Seven northern provinces become
Netherlands, southern remain in Spain’s hands
SPAIN



England assists Dutch in Revolt
: Spain’s fleet of
ships sent to invade England
Fire Ships!
After loss, several more ships lost on trip
around England
Spain loses power due to

Phillip’s government too centralized
 Trusted


no one
No industries – only money from New World
Bankrupt 4 times
Think…
How did Spain vast empire affect the varied
people they controlled? How did Phillip II
trying to maintain power affect the People?
FRANCE

: French protestant
Henry of Navarre = HENRY IV
 Wedding
in Paris leads to
 10,000-70,000 Huguenots
killed
Henry of Navarre lives!

Escaped death by denying religion
 “Paris
is well worth a mass”
 HENRY IV
: right to
worship, hold office, rule where
Huguenots are in majority
FRANCE

Young Louis XIII weak leader
 Cardinal Richelieu
 Chief minister and most
trusted adviser
 Determined to strengthen
monarchy
Edict & Revocation of Nantes
Read the
Edict of
Nantes and
the
Revocation
of the Edict
of Nantes
Answer
guided
Questions
To strengthen Monarchy Richelieu…

Cut off Port city of
14 months, until starving citizens surrendered
 Ordered walls to be torn down
 Turn all churches Catholic



Punished Nobles for Revolts
Sided with Protestants in 30 Years war to
undermine Hapsburg power
La Rochelle’s defeat was a signal to all
Protestants to GET OUT of France!
FRANCE

LOUIS XIV
 “I
am the State” (didn’t need
Cardinal’s help)
 Sun King
: Louis
in charge of all military,
political, economic initiatives
I lost my voice 
I can’t talk very loud so I need you to be
quiet so I can talk and you can hear me.
Today’s agenda:
1. Watch “Elizabeth” clip
2. View page 539, answer question
3. Read pages 540-544
1.
Answer Reading checks, Cardinal
Richelieu, Economics, 1-3
How did Louis XIV deprive Nobles power?




Deprived Nobles of influence
Versailles (forced Nobles to come to
him)
Influenced dress, dining and
gambling to bankrupt nobles
Revokes Edict of Nantes, outlaws
Protestantism
 200,000 Huguenots flee

1701
 Spanish
King died, Louis wants throne for his son
 Other monarchs didn’t want this connection
 England, Netherlands, Holy Roman Empire
fought France
:
 Louis’s
Grandson gets throne, but France and
Spain can’t be ruled by same monarchs
Think…
How did French Monarchs try to maintain
power, and how did this affect the People?
Huguenots? Nobles?
ENGLAND


Elizabeth I & Parliament
 Parliament passed laws
favoring Protestantism
 Parliament pressured her to
marry
 Allowed MP’s speak their
minds without fear of
punishment
 Called 10 times in 45 years
Still an absolute ruler
Robert Dudley
Queen’s Favorite
Duke of Anjou
Possible Marriage
ENGLAND

Elizabeth died with no heir



Mary Queen of Scots (Elizabeth’s
cousin) was put to death for trying to
overthrow Elizabeth
Her son was King of Scotland
James I
 First Stuart to rule
 Believed firmly in DIVINE
RIGHT and ABSOLUTE
MONARCHY
 Trouble with Parliament
 Country in debt, viewed as
“outsider” from Scotland
James I
: strict Calvinists
demanding further reform
from Church of England, take
power away from Church
officials
 James
I sees Puritans as threat
 Refuses most requests of
reforms
 Puritans flee to New World

(Pilgrims!)
ENGLAND

Charles I
 Popular
until marrying a Catholic
Princess
 Requested money from Parliament
 Parliament refuses unless Charles I
signs:
: placed limits
on king’s power
 King can not levy taxes without
consent of Parliament
 Direct Challenge to:
Charles I



Taxed without permission
Dismisses Parliament when
they become outraged
1629: Charles will rule
without Parliament
 (example
of Absolute
Monarchy)
ENGLAND


1640: Charles I in debt thanks to
rebellions in Scotland
 Has to reconvene Parliament
to ask for money
“
” did not
disband for many years
 After being ignored for 11 years
MPs demanded Parliament be
called at least once every 3
years
ENGLAND


Puritans moved to abolish the appointment of
bishops in Anglican Church
Charles I led troops into House of Commons to
arrest Puritan leaders for Treason
 Already




escaped
Charles’ intentions shown: to take back power
Parliament rises up against king
Charles I supported by people
1642: Civil War began!
English Civil War
: nobles who
supported king
:
supporters of Parliament
 Puritans,
Merchants, some
upper classes
 Led by: OLIVER
CROMWELL
ENGLAND

Royalist Army
outmatched
 1646,

surrender
Oliver Cromwell
dismisses all Parliament
members who disagree
with him
English Civil War
Label and
analyze the
Map of the
English Civil
War
Answer
guided
questions
ENGLAND



Rump Parliament tries
Charles I for treason
Charles refuses to recognize
Parliament’s authority
Found guilty, Executed in
front of own palace
Lord Protector Cromwell

House of Commons outlaws
House of Lords and Monarchy
England becomes a

Cromwell: “

of England,
Scotland, Ireland”
 Demanded
complete obedience
ENGLAND

RESTORATION
 Cromwell
dies, son, Richard,
weak leader
 Parliament reconvenes and
vote to bring back monarchy
 1660: Parliament invites
Charles’ son to be king
Restoration & Charles II
 Charles
II
 Supported
religious
toleration
 Habeas Corpus Act of 1679

“may you have body”
 Guarantees
right to
appear in court to see if
accused should be held
or released
 1665: Bubonic Plague
returns, killing 100,000+
Charles being presented the first
pineapple grown in England
Columbian Exchange!
ENGLAND

JAMES II
 Charles
II brother
 Married to a catholic whose
Catholic sons outrank James’
protestant daughters
 GLORIOUS REVOLUTION
 1688:
Nobles invited James’ daughter
Mary and her husband William to
become King & Queen
Glorious Revolution
William and Mary
Had to sign:
: prevents
monarchs from
levying taxes without
Parliament’s consent
Creating a:
monarchy limited by
law
The Glorious Revolution
Read about
William &
Mary and
the Glorious
Revolution
Answer
Guided
Questions
ENGLISH MONARCHS
Think…
How did English monarchs’ willingness or
unwillingness to work with Parliament
affect the People? English Civil War?
English Bill of Rights?
RUSSIA



1500’s Russia far behind western
Europe in technology, centralized
government
Run by church officials and boyars
: landowners
1546: Young prince claims title
: (version of Caesar) Emperor
Ivan IV

Early Reforms:
 general
council included
merchants and lower level
nobles
 promoted military officers on
merit
 reduced Boyars power

Expanded borders and
increased trade
Ivan IV  TERRIBLE!

Ivan the Terrible
 1560s:
Ivan changes
 Became
suspicious of his closest
advisors
 Created a private police force to
punish opposition
 1565: seized land from 12,000 boyars
 Killed thousands in Novgorod,
suspected they wanted to separate
from Russia
 1581: killed his own son
Russia


“
”
many rulers because of lack of
heir
1613: Michael crowned czar–
first Romanov
RUSSIA

Peter I
 1682:
became czar as child,
sister ruled until he was 17
 Labored side-by-side with
thousands of carpenters
building a navy
 Takes
navy
Azov from Turks with
Peter the Great
 Realizes
Russia needs to
Modernize
:
bringing elements of the
western culture to Russia
 1697: journeyed to Europe in
disguise to learn hands-on
skills and recruit experts to
Russia
RUSSIA

Reforms:
brought Church under
state control
 Built up Russian industry
 Started first newspaper
 Sponsored new schools
 Modernized the calendar
 Promoted officials based on
service
 Early 1700s: fights Sweden
for a warm-water port


Becomes new capital
RUSSIA

1761: Peter III becomes Czar




His wife, Catherine grew
angry at his weak rule
Peter III murdered
Catherine II becomes
“Czarina”
Catherine the Great’s
Reforms:
Removed restrictions on trade
 Updated Russia’s legal and
education system
 Promoted Science and Arts

Catherine the Great

War and revolt led Catherine to
strengthen the authority of the
monarchy
 Reorganized local
governments


Put administration in hands of
landowners and nobles
Reduced taxes as thank you, and
gave them absolute control
Think…
How different it must have been to be a
Russian under Ivan, Peter, or Catherine.
How would each experience be different?
30 YEARS WAR

Holy Roman Empire
 Made
up most of Central Europe
 Ruled By Hapsburgs
 Dozens of Small states trying to stay independent
 1618: official of HRE orders 2 protestant churches
shut down
 Local Protestants throw HRE representatives out
window (into garbage… they were fine)
 Nobles in Austria, Bavaria revolt against HRE
30 YEARS WAR (1618-1648)
CATHOLIC SIDE

HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
PROTESTANT SIDE




BAVARIA
AUSTRIA
DENMARK
SWEDEN
Eventually included all of Europe
•One of the longest, most destructive wars in
European History
•Mostly Protestants v. Catholics
•Destroyed Germany, brought famine and
disease to Europe
•
: Ended the war, extended
toleration, reduced the power of the Holy Roman Empire,
strengthened the rulers within it
BIG WINNERS OF TREATY
AUSTRIA



Hapsburg
1740 HRE Emperor
Charles VI dies
without male heir
“
:”
 Female

PRUSSIA
can rule
Maria Theresa




Hohenzollerns
Frederick II “The
Great”
Took Silesia from
Austria
Offered Maria
Theresa an alliance–
she refuses
Maria Theresa
Read about
Maria
Theresa’s
life
Answer
guided
questions
AUSTRIA AND PRUSSIA

1740: War of Austrian
Succession
&
enter on
side
hoping to gain territory
 1748:
asks
for peace hoping to rebuild
new alliances – she DID
 Prussia keeps Silesia

Prussia’s victory intensified
rivalry between Austria &
Hungary
Seven Years War (1756-1763)



Continuation of
Austrian Succession
(best army)&
(best
navy)
,
,
hate Prussia &
GB
Fighting extended to
North America & India
over colonies
Rivalries will
continue…
George Washington rose
to fame in the F&I War
Collins Type III


What was the cause of the Thirty Years War,
the War of Austrian Succession, and the Seven
Years War?
What effects did these wars have?
 FCA
1: Written neatly, in pen
 FCA 2: Correct Spelling and Capitalization
 FCA 3: Answer question completely in 2 ¶