Transcript Chapter 23: War and Revolution

Chapter 23: War and Revolution
I. The Road to World War I
• A. Nationalism
– i. French fervor over Alsace-Lorraine lingers from
Franco- Prussian War.
– ii. Pan- Slavism: Slav Culture should unite into an
empire, Serbia is the agitator and Austria- Hungary
is alarmed, Russia’s role is in question
– iii. Internal dissent- socialist labor movement leads
to violent strikes
• B. Imperialism- New Nation States &
established empires compete economically in
post industrial world for new markets,
colonies, & trade. They need to be protected
& safeguarded in a more global market
• C. Alliances- Defense agreements among
nations
– i. Triple Alliance = Italy, Germany, Austria- Hungary
– ii. Triple Entente = France, Russia, Great Britain
– iii. Minor conflicts have potential for major war
• D. Militarism- Glorification of War and
Military, Aggressive preparation, influence of
military leaders
– i. Enemies measure their opponents- spending,
programs, readiness
– ii. Politicians seek more $$$ for military build up
– iii. Mandatory conscription
– iv. Actions lead to reactions
• E. Outbreak of war
– i. The Serbian problemPan Slavism leads to peace
keeping mission by Francis
Ferdinand & wife Sophie to
Sarajevo
• a. Assassination Plot- Black
Hand (Union of Death) tries
bombing the route (fails),
Gavrilo Princip (19) guns
them down in an alley
• b. Austria- Hungary
responds with ultimatum to
Serbia with German backing
 48 hours to agree or war.
Serbia complies with all but
one  WAR
– ii. Alliances in motion- All sides believe the others
will back down
• A .Russia supports Serbia (Slavic Cousins), France
follows suit
• B. Germany declared war on Russia and France
• C. Great Britain remains neutral temporarily
• D. Germany invades Belgium to get to France
• E. Britain is pledged to protect Belgium neutrality
• F. Britain declares war on Germany
II. The War
• Intro: Voices from the
past = Delusions/History
• A. illusions and stalemate
= “propaganda”= affect
public opinion
• 1. Western Front =
Schlieffen plan  2 year
war
– A. Trenches
• 2. Eastern Front- Italy
changes sides
B. The Great Slaughter
– 1. Life in the Trenches- 2 parallel trenches
500 miles long, ½ mile- 100 yards “No
Mans Land,” barbed wire, mines
• a. Life of boredom, terror, cold, mud, rats, disease
• b. “Over the Top” = Charge into machine gun fire
and artillery
• c. Poison gas = blindness, choking, vomiting, death
• The Lost Battalion: Trench Warfare Clip
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oQSRReg4rG8
• 2. War of Attrition
• 3. Evolution of Air warReconnaissance, pistols,
bombs, mounted
machine guns
• A. Failure of Zeppelins
• 4. Expansion of the war
= Gallipoli- Churchill
favors a Balkan front to
help Serbia and Russia &
take out Ottoman
Empire and AustriaHungary = fails
• C. Entry of the United States- America loses
neutrality
– 1. Sea Battles = blockades would affect good supply
and war materials and ability to wage war
• A. “Hunger Blockade”
• B. British seizure of ships suspected of contraband
• C. Lusitania- passenger liner = 1200 casualties (128
Americans)
• 2. U.S enters the warpublic opinion divided –
Anti- English vs. AntiGerman vs. isolationists =
Germany’s dilemmaChallenge British blockade
via submarine warfare and
risk U.S. intervention or do
nothing- Submarine
warfare is resumed
• D. Home Front- impact of total
war turning the tide- trench
war stalemate continues
– 1. Total WarRecruit/draft/train/supply large
armies, raise taxes and borrow $,
price fixing/freeze wages/ban
strikes/rationing/censorship
• A. Women replace men- aids
movement for women’s rights
– 2. Public opinion wanes- “DORA”
= arrests & censorship, &
propaganda hinder peace
movements
III. The Russian Revolution
• A. Background to Revolutionunprepared militarily &
technologically, incompetent
czar, inefficient industry,
heavy military losses
– 1. Beginnings= fall of the CzarNicholas & Alexandra =
unpopular & incompetent,
reliance on Rasputin
(murdered) = why
• A. Strikes erupt because of
shortages -riots and protests
• B. Czars’ troops join rioters &
refuse to fire
• C. Czars’ generals advise Nicholas
to abdicate
• 2. Provisional government =
temporary, led by Kerensky
(Duma), vows to continue
war- Major blunder
• B. The Rise of Lenin- Lenin =
radical Bolshevik, disciple of
Marx = worldwide revolution
– 1. Lenin returns from exile to
seize opportunity
• A. promises end to war,
redistribution of land, transfer of
factories/industries to workers
• B. “Peace, land, & bread” gets
support from the masses
• C. Bolsheviks Seize Power- Bolshevik revolutioncoup d'état takes over essential areas and turns
guns on the palace – Bolsheviks call their
movement communism  Civil War = 3 years
(1918- 1921)
– A. Lenin makes peace – treaty of Brest- Litovsk concedes
land and population to Germany
– B. Strong opposition to communists led by Royalists,
liberals, other socialists & the allies
Anti- Bolshevik Poster
• C. White (Royalists,
moderates, liberals) vs.
Reds (communists)
– 1. Whites = resume
WW1- aid comes from
allies and U.S --- Polar
Bears
– 2. Reds = Leon Trotsky
employs “war
communism”
– 3. Czar & Family Killed
• D. Triumph of Communists
– 1. Trotsky & war communism = Reinstates draft
(deserters & malcontents shot), gov’t control of
banks & industries, seizing of grain, establishment
of secret police (cheka) = FEAR  Whites defeated
in 1921
IV. End of the War
• A. The Last Year 1917- starts badly for Alliesseries of tough defeats, Russian
Revolution/withdrawal/surrender
– 1. US entry changes everything- fresh troops,
materials, psychological boost = Allies advance
towards Germany
– 2. Unconditional Surrender- Allies refuse peace
with Autocratic Gov’t  William II forced to flee
• 3. Armistice Day (Veterans Day) = 11/11 at 11,
1918
• 4. Revolution/ Civil War- Germany & AustriaHungary experience middle class/ communist
struggle as well as ethnic divisions
• B. Peace Settlements
– 1. Wilson’s 14 points- propose Free Trade/ Free Seas,
Self Rule, Arms Limitations, end Secret Alliances,
League of Nations
– 2. Reality of Paris Peace Conference- Pre War
promises obstruct idealistic goals = Wilson,
Clemenceau, George, Orlando have different
objectives
• A. Reparations
• B. Revenge & Security- arms limitations & buffers
• C. US Senate rejects League of Nations
• 3. Treaty of Versailles- A harsh peace (War Guilt
Clause), Reparations, Arms Reductions, buffers and
land concessions
• 4. A New Europe- Finland, Latvia,
Estonia, Lithuania, Poland,
Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary,
Yugoslavia (Serbs, Croats,
Slovenes) = All Leave ethnic
minorities to create future
conflicts
– A. Break-up of Ottoman Empire
spells doom for middle east =
France controls Lebanon & Syria
while Britain controls Iraq and
Palestine
• 5. Legacy of WWI- Total war, 10
million dead/ 21 million
wounded, disillusionment, and
German resentment means
revenge