Transcript Slide 1

THE BEGINNINGS OF MODERNIZATION:
INDUSTRIALIZATION, WESTERN
DOMINATION AND NATIONALISM IN
THE 19th C
Focus Question
• What were the basic features of the new
industrial system created by the industrial
revolution in Europe? Who benefitted and at
whose expense?
• How did common men and women respond to
the conditions created by the Industrial
Revolution?
• What was the response by the middle and
upper classes?
IDENTIFICATIONS
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Industrialization
Factors of industrialization
Impacts of industrialization
Bourgeoisie
Proletariate
Middle class ideals
Age of progress
Child and wage slavery
IDENTIFICATIONS
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Conservatism
Concert of Europe
Principal of Intervention
Liberalism
Nationalism
Limited Constitutional Monarchy
Reform Bill (1832)
INDUSTRIALIZATION
• Europe shifted from an economy based on
agriculture and handicrafts to one based on
manufacturing by machines and automated
factories.
Industrial Revolution: Factors
• Factors that contributed to Great Britain’s Industrial revolution,
1750
• Food Supply & population boom
– Improvements in agricultural practices/production
– New agricultural products from the Americas
• Labor supply
• pool of surplus (exploitable) labor
• Capital investment
• ready supply of capital to invest in machines and factories
• Profits gained from the slave trade and the cottage industry
• A central bank & Joint Stock Companies
• Well developed flexible credit facilities
• Values and Ideology
• Mercantialism, Capitalism, profit motive, self interest
Industrial Revolution: Factors
• Ample supply of mineral resources:
• coal and iron ore needed in the manufacturing
process
• Government support
• Parliament contributed to the favorable business
climate
• passed laws that protected private property
• Wealth and markets generated from colonies or
Common Wealth
• British exports quadrupled between 1660 and 1760
• (enslavement and exploitation of Africans and
Americans)
Industrial Revolution: Factors
• New sources of Energy
• Coal and steam replaced wind and water as new sources of
energy
• Technological innovations
– New Machines
– Technological advances transformed industries &
Ushered in factory system
– Factories replaced workshops and home
workrooms
The Steam Engine, Steve Watt (1760)
© Oxford Science Archive/HIP/Art Resource, NY
The Industrial Factory
British Cotton Factory, 1851
•New Labor system & work discipline
© CORBIS
Impacts of Industrialization
• Industrial production
• new ways of organizing human labor
• New Infrastructure to support commercial
development
Impacts of Industrialization
• New industries
– Rail Road and steam locomotives industry
– Iron industry transformed
• Educational opportunities increased
– Vocational in nature
– New semi-skilled class of managers and
technicians needed
© Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
The Industrialization of Europe by
1850
Economic Impact of Industrialization
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Rapid Population Growth and Urbanization of
the poor
• Bourgeoisie: Rise of Industrial commercial
Middle Class (greater disparity of wealth)
• Proletariate: development of an Industrial
Working Class (impoverished)
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12 – 16 hour work week/ 6 days a week
½ hour for lunch and dinner
No job security, No minimum wage
Hot, dirty, dusty and unhealthy conditions
Economic Impact of Industrialization
• Deliberate policy of preventing the growth of
mechanized industry in the rest of the world
• Wealth transferred from the colonies to England
afforded industrialization & English policies ensured
industrialism would continue that transfer of wealth
– India: one of the worlds greatest exporters of
cotton cloth produced by hand labor.
• under the control of the British East Indian Company.
• British textiles displaced thousands of Indian Spinners
and handloom weavers
Economic Impact of
Industrialization
• Transition from slavery to “systems of
apprenticeships”
• Development of a wage system
– Labor historians refer to it as “wage slavery”
Social Impact of Industrialization
• Middle Class Ideals
– Notions of gentility
– Separate spheres ideology
– Cult of Domesticity
– Nuclear family
• Reality vs. Rhetoric
• New Labor system
– Rigid discipline, regimentation, deskilled,
perpetual labor year round and for 12-18 hours a
day
Social impacts of Industrialization
• Migration from rural living into urban centers
• Altered how people related to nature
• Created an environmental crisis that in the
20th C was finally recognized as a danger to
human existence
• State Sponsored Child Slavery
• Practice of valuing women and children’s
industrial labor less than men’s
Women and Children in the Mines
•Men dug coal, while women and children hauled coal carts on
rails to the lift
•Cave –ins, explosions, gas fumes
•Cramped tunnels, 4 ft high
•Ruined lungs and overall health
© SSPL/The Image Works
Women and Children in the Mines
•Child Labor: exploited in textile mills and coals mines
•Paid 1/6 to 1/3 the wage of a man
•Women paid half that of a man or les
© SSPL/The Image Works
The Second Industrial Revolution & An
Age of “Progress”
• Faith in Technology &
science
• New products
– Electricity
– Light bulb
– Telephone & Radio
– streetcars and
subways
– Conveyor belts,
cranes, machines
– Cars & airplanes
Photo courtesy private collection
The Industrial Regions of
Europe at the End of the
Nineteenth Century
•steelmaking, electricity,
petroleum, and chemicals
• spurred substantial
economic growth and
prosperity in western and
central Europe
•sparked economic and
political competition
between Great Britain
and Germany.
•Fed continual search for
sources of natural
resources.
Response to worst impacts of the
Industrial Revolution:
• Early Socialism (Utopian Socialists) Philosophy
– product of intellectuals who believed in the equity
of all people
– Wanted to replace competition with cooperation
in industry (revolution in morals and values)
– Question of how to achieve a fairer distribution of
wealth (many variations of the philosophy)
• Trade Unions
– goals were to improve working conditions & Gain
decent wages.
‘‘Proletarians of the World,
Unite’’
• After 1870 people began
to organize
– Conditions of labor class
– Socialist political parties
– Socialist labor unions
• 1848, Karl Marx &
Fredreich Engels had
developed a theory that
explained social
struggle, Communist
Manifesto.
© Photo courtesy private collection
Socialist Parties
• Working class leaders after 1870 began to pick
up on Marx’s theory.
– The German Social Democratic Party, 1875
• By 1912 it became the largest party in Germany due to
its work to improve conditions for the working class
– Second International
• association of national socialist groups that would fight
against capitalism world wide
A meeting of the
Congress of Vienna
1814
•Goal of Great Britain,
Austria, Prussia and
Russia
•Restore traditional
order (legitimacy)
Conservatism
•Concert of Europe &
Principal of
Intervention
© Scala/Art Resource, NY
Europe After the Congress of Vienna, 1815
• Monarchs were restored in France, Spain, and other
states recently under Napoleon’s control, and much
territory changed hands, often at the expense of
small and weak states.
Conservative Concessions & New
forces of Change
• Liberalism
– People (Propertied/wealthy men) should be from
as much restraint as possible & enjoy protection
of civil liberties.
• Nationalism
– Arose out an awareness of being part of a
community that has common institutions,
traditions, language, and customs
• Threat to the existing political order.
Revolution and Reform
(conservative concessions) 18321848
• Bourbon Monarch Overthrown & created a
limited constitutional monarchy under Louis
Philippe
• Great Britain avoided upheaval by passing a
Reform Bill 1832
– increased the numbers of male voters, primarily
benefitting the upper middle class who favored
liberal ideas