Transcript Chapter 23: The emrgence of Industrial society In the west

Industrialization’s effects

Along with the changing trends in
intellectual thought brought about by the
Enlightenment thinkers, industrialization
also brought:
1) Obvious commercial growth
2) Population pressure
3) Revolutions
4) New Economic trends
Age of Revolution
 Three
forces were working to
shatter Europe’s relative calm by
the mid-18th century:
 Cultural forces
 Economic forces
 Social forces
Cultural forces
Enlightenment thinkers had called for full
religious freedom, an end to aristocratic
privileges, and widespread popular
voice in government.
 Thinkers like Rousseau called for
government based on general will
(democracy), and Voltaire called for the
separation of the powerful church from
the state, thereby giving more power to
the people. (see document)

Economic Changes
Though there was a call for an end to
aristocratic privileges, as
commercialization grew, so to did the
wealthy businessmen.
 They viewed themselves as the “new”
aristocracy, upsetting the already
established aristocratic order as well as
the exploited workers. This could feed
revolution.

Social Changes
Western Europe experienced a huge
population jump after 1730 known as the
population revolution.
 Several factors contributed to this boom
including: improved nutrition from the
potato, reduced child mortality rates,
increased birth rates, and better policing
of nation’s borders, thereby reducing the
movement of disease-bearing animals.

Social Changes cont’d
 This
population
had dramatic
impacts.
 The growing
number of
middle and
lower class led
to demands for
change.
Social Changes cont’d
Also, more people naturally meant more
consumers.
 To meet the demand for products,
hundreds of thousands of people became
part-time producers in their homes to meet
the capitalistic demand of consumers.
 This is called proto-industrialization. It
eventually encouraged new technologies to
develop to meet the growing volume of
products needed.

More Revolutions
To go along with population and
industrial revolutions of the time period,
you had revolutions fought for freedom
and rights in America and France.
 Both were largely influenced by
Enlightenment ideas and ended up with
significant and parallel documents
stating their rights. (Declaration of
Independence and Declaration of the
Rights of Man and Citizen)

Both Revolutions were fought to end
monarchial oppression.
Louis XVI of France
King George III of Britain
Key Figures of the French Revolution
Maximilien Robespierre
(Reign of Terror)
Napoleon Bonaparte
(Emperor)
Congress of Vienna
A meeting of diplomats from allied nations
that defeated Napoleon. They met to
establish a peace settlement that would
make further revolutions impossible.
 They made several key changes including:

 1) Surrounding France with strong powers to
prevent their growth.
 2) Also restored many European monarchs to
the throne.
Political Classes Emerge

As a result of the Congress of Vienna,
several new political classes emerged.
 A) Conservatives: They were against
revolutionary goals and favored little to no
change whatsoever.
 B) Liberals: Touted some important changes
like freedoms (religion, press, and
assembly), economic and social changes.
 C) Radicals: Wanted widespread changes
such as democracy or socialism (both
radical at that time)
Industrial Revolution
By the 1830’s, industrialization had
spread throughout Europe (and
America) and added to social pressures.
 Led to discontent among factory workers
over wages, hours, and work conditions.
 Corporations arose encouraging more
and more stockholders to invest large
amounts of money in the company.
 These stockholders demanded profit at
all cost.

Opponents of capitalism


Naturally, the stress and
demand placed on
workers combined with
the overbearing drive of
owners and stockholders
led to problems.
Many began to speak out
against the evils of
industrialization and the
capitalist system it
thrived on.
Karl Marx
The Spread of Industrialization
As industry grew in Europe, railroads
and canals began to link cities across
the continent and spur industrial and
commercial growth.
 More and more people began moving
into the cities to find jobs and
urbanization expanded rapidly.
 For the first time in history, more than a
minority of a population lived in cities.

Industrialization in Europe (1850)
Labor Movements
Beginning in the late 1800’s, workers
began to organize labor movements to
improve their conditions.
 New trade unions emerged such as the
Knights of Labor and the American
Federation of labor.
 Even so, the process of gaining workers
rights was very, very slow and drawn
out.

Nationalism
As countries gained more and more wealth
through industry, they began competing
with one another for economic dominance.
 A system of national pride and superiority
called nationalism arose throughout the
west.
 Countries not only wanted to see their
nations succeed, but also wanted to
surpass other nations in economic and
military strength.

Imperialism
Nationalism also encouraged the
expansion of a nations borders or
territories.
 The dominance of a weaker nation by a
stronger nation politically, economically,
and socially is known as imperialism.
 Over the next century a colonial race will
ensue between European powers and
even America (Alaska, Hawaii, Philippines,
Guam, Puerto Rico) to some extent.

European Imperialism (1763)
Increased Government Functions
Governments began to expand and take
on new functions and roles.
 Western governments began instituting
civil service exams. (Only about a 1,000
years behind China).
 Created compulsory education in some
cases all the way through high school.
Schools increased literacy and also
taught nationalistic superiority.

Feminist Movements


Other powerful
movements of the
time period were in
the area of female
rights.
Women fought for
equal job
opportunities, higher
education, and the
right to vote.
The Emergence of Mass Leisure
Culture (p.527)
Diplomatic Tensions and WWI
Imperialistic expansion and nationalism
fed into the rivalry between key
European nation-states.
 As a result, these nations began building
up their militaries.
 Combine these three problems with new
alliance systems that emerged in
Europe and you have a deadly recipe for
war.

Causes of WWI (The “ism’s” of
war)
1)
Nationalism
2) Imperialism
3) Militarism’
4) Alliance System
(Alliancism???)