Transcript APWH Study Session Politics I

State-building, expansion and
conflict
• Political structures and forms of
governance
• Empires
• Nations and nationalism
• Revolts and revolutions
• Regional, transregional, and global
structures and organizations
With the development of
farming and cities, political
organization became much
more complex.
Why?
FOUNDATIONS
Hunter-Gatherers and Pastoral nomads have
limited political structure.
Egypt and the Shang in China were highly
centralized. They developed bureaucracies,
dynasties, and used religion to justify the
position of the rulers.
Classical empires were much more complex because they were so large.
They had to invent new ways to keep their land together.
How did the classical empires accomplish this?
Rome: At first a republic ruled by aristocrats w/ some
shared power with the Senate and 2 consuls usually selected
military. Later, an empire with focus on
military conquest, colonization, and law codes.
The ideal was to use principle of the rule of law; not the
rule by the whim of the emperor.
China:
Mandate of Heaven, the emperor
was the Sun of Heaven housed in
the Forbidden City.
Yellow Turban Revolt
from t
What causes regionalism?
Mauryan and Gupta gain power through the
military.
The greatest of the Mauryan kings
was? Why?
Meanwhile, in Africa, the Bantu-based
societies and others developed
stateless societies which were
A. centralized.
B. decentralized.
How do you know?
Post-Classical World
600-1450
WEST AFRICA
•
•
•
•
Ghana and Mali
Became rich by taxing traders
Powerful military (see a pattern here?)
Mali first major leader Sundiata and later
Mansa Musa
Islamic Empires
• After Muhammad’s death, the government
set up rule by a Caliph.
• Abu Bakr was the first caliph supported by
well-trained armies
• Aided by the weaknesses of the Persian
and Byzantine empires
Pastoral nomads which means they are a _________ ___________?
“Protect trade routes.” Sounds familiar doesn’t it?
Organized into regional Khanates which were politically controlled by a relative
with one main ruler known as the Great Khan.
TANG AND SONG DYNASTIES
TANG AND SONG DYNASTIES
• Equal–field system
• Strong support for
transportation and
communication
• Meritocracy
• Religion played a role
• Took tribute from their
neighbors
• Hegemony over
neighbors
• Expanded
meritocracy
• Didn’t emphasize the
military as much so
not as much
hegemony
• Trade,
communication and
transportation still
important
YUAN Dynasty ruled by collecting tribute called
Tax Farming. This outsourcing of tax collection
led to corruption and rebellion and ultimately to
their downfall.
Who really had the power in
Japan?
What do these names have in
common?
Fujiwara, Minamoto, Tokugawa
The feudal system was less centralized than some areas, but more
powerful than a local government. Political values emphasized what?
European Feudalism established political and military relationships.
Byzantium
Justinian law codes the biggest legacy.
The ruler was absolute in power and controlled the
church as well.
Russia
Copied Justinian law codes and organized into a state
by the 10thc. in Kiev.
THE AMERICAS
• Maya: city-states w/ no central govt.
• Aztecs: central monarch in Tenochtitlan
who didn’t have absolute power; a council
of aristocrats made many decisions; no
elaborate bureaucracy
• Inca: highly powerful centralized govt. the
Inca owned all of the land; elaborate
bureaucracy; road system enforced Inca’s
power; quipu kept records
1450-1750
Power of nomads decreased because of sea trade’s rising importance.
Major maritime powers were?
Major Gunpowder Empires were?
The Ming defeat the Yuan.
Establish trade and bureaucracy again!
Send out trade expeditions to start collecting tribute again!
Afraid of another invasion from the North and West…again!
Begin to isolate themselves, because Confucian bureaucrats
were xenophobic.
Suffered from inept rulers who were isolated from the empire in the
Forbidden City….again!
Invaded by outsiders…again!
Manchu take the name Qing…used Mandate of Heaven to justify…
again!
WESTERN EUROPE
The pope remained politically powerful. Treaty of Tordesillas!
Kings begin to shake off feudalism and become more centralized by
taking on absolutism.
In Spain and Portugal they support exploration. Name those kings!
Later, so do France and England.
Magna Carta 1215 listed the rights
of the nobility and created
Parliament.
King Henry VIII Church and takes
over the monasteries separates
from the Catholic church.
Elizabeth I defeats the Spanish
Armada.
After the English Civil War the power of the king is
limited by the….of 1688
It greatly limited the power of the king AND allowed
wealthier merchants to participate in the government
Louis XIV said, “L’stat c’est moi!”
I AM THE STATE!
Absolutely!
Kings were not gods, but they were
His lieutenants on earth.
He greatly weakened the power of the
nobles and the feudal system.
Absolutists
• Russia and Peter the
Great
• Wanted to westernize
• Reformed military and
created the navy
• Reorganized
bureaucracy/took
titles away from
nobles
• Ottoman Empire
under Suleyman the
Magnificent (sultan)
• Used captured
Christian boys as
skilled soldiers and
bureaucratsJanissaries
• Grand Vizier
1750-1914:
European Hegemony!
The Balance of Power shifted
after centuries of domination
from Asia!
Absolutism vs. Enlightenment
New Economic and Social
Ideas=Democracy
1450-1750 ALL kingdoms in Europe,
Muslim Empires and China were
absolutist.
They held on to their power claiming
Divine Right (Europe) or Mandate of
Heaven (China)
What Changed and Why?
21st century more internationally based due to internet
and unprecedented globalization
Multi national corporations
Greenpeace and Green Movements
Amnesty International
Human Rights Watch
Ideologies and
Revolutions
Black Nationalist Movements
Feminist Movements
Iranian Revolution: Ayatollah Khomeini
Gorbachev w/ Louis Vuitton Bag
Ideologies and Revolutions
•Communism: Russia=Lenin; China= Mao Zedong
•Fascism: developed in Italy=Mussolini; Hitler=Germany takes it
and makes Nazism
•Stalinism: collectivization of agriculture little resemblance to
Marxism
USSR and Gorbachev: Perestroika=eco. reforms;
Glasnost=more openness loosened censorship
China: Mao, Great Leap Forward (not); Cultural Revolution;
Deng Xiaoping institutes socialist market economy or market
Socialism; Tiananmen Square
Latin America: Mexico nationalist movement with the
revolution of 1910, new Constitution 1917, accept idea of
being Mexican (Villa and Zapata)
The rest of Latin America becomes controlled by
*authoritarian regimes with violent repression; many
inspired by communism after WWII
Brazil= Vargas
Argentina=Peron
Cuba=Castro
Chile=Pinochet
*Caudillos, Juntas, Oligarchical rule
Nationalist Movements Part II
or Decolonization
Movements
Educated western elites lead the movements
Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana
Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya
African National Congress in South Africa anti-Apartheid
India gets independence Mohandas Gandhi (Mahatma) 1947
Southeast Asia: Indonesia throw off Dutch 1949; Philippines
break from US 1946; Burma from Britain 1948; Indochina/
Vietnam 1975 Ho Chi Minh
1945-1991
USA and our allies vs. USSR and their allies
Started before the end of WWII
Yalta Conference
Postdam Conference
NATO
World War II
Total War!
Causes left over from the last war
Allied Powers: US, Great Britain, France, USSR
Axis Powers: Germany, Japan, Italy
Results in beginning of the Cold War and the United
Nations
Total War!
Causes: nationalism,
militarism, imperialism,
Industrialization, alliances
Treaty of Versailles:
Germany lost territory,
military and they have to
pay for it ALL
Ottoman
Empire done!
A-H no longer a hyphen!
Japan gets Germany’s
colonies in Asia
President Wilson’s
14 Points and the idea of
self determination
League of Nations
New countries created:
Yugoslavia,
Czechoslovakia
1914-Present
World Wars and the concept of Total War
The Cold War
The Nationalist Movements Part II
New Ideologies and Revolutions
Globalization
MEIJI RESTORATION
Opium Wars 1839-1842
•Qing Dynasty
•Treaty of Nanjing
•Spheres of Influence
•Taiping Rebellion
1850-1864
•Boxer Rebellion
1900
http://www.uflib.ufl.edu/ufdc/?b=UF00086056&v=00001.
Sepoy Rebellion/Mutiny
O God of Battles! Steel My Soldiers' Hearts! 10 October 1857
Berlin Conference 1884-5
The COMPLETE
takeover of an
area with
domination
economically,
politically, and
socio-culturally
Otto von Bismarck
Declared the beginning
of the German Empire
German
y
Second Reich
First was
HRE
Led to more competition among states.
Created more nationalist movements.
Count Cavour in the
north; occupied by
Austria
Italy
Garibaldi in the south;
occupied by Spain
Other political reforms
•Social Darwinism: poor people are lazy and less
intelligent and deserve their status; rich people a
hard working and smart and deserve their status
•Marxism: The Communist Manifesto by Marx an
Engels said there would be a rev of the
Proletariat
•Nationalism: new political concept of the nation
feeling of identity among common groups of peo
Abolition of slave trade then slavery
Male
suffrage
Political
Reforms
Women’s rights especially
suffrage
Universal
education
Labor laws
especially
child labor
Results of Revolutions
•Enlightenment philosophy continued to spread and inspire
Revolutions with the concepts of democracy, liberty, equality,
and justice
•Conservatism: wanted to return to absolutism, disapproved
of revs, but would accept a constitutional monarchy
•Liberalism: wanted republican democracy, elected legislature
and freedom from oppression more than equality
•Radicalism: wanted drastic changes in the govt., emphasized
equality more than freedom; to narrow the gap between rich
and poor ex: Jacobins and later Marxists
South America led by Creole elites such as:
Simon Bolivar in the north and in the south
Jose de San Martin (1821)
Brazil 1822
Mexico 1821 Father Miguel Hidalgo
Benito Juarez modeled the constitution after
the
US, but after his death a series of dictators.
Haitian (a.k.a. Saint Domingue) Revolution
Led by Toussaint L’Overture a former slave
Napoleon sent the army to put down the rebels.
Napoleon withdraws as many in his army died of
yellow fever and couldn’t fight the guerilla
tactics used by the Haitians.
L’Overture died, Haiti gets independence 1804
Jefferson buys Lousiana from Napoleon 1803; the
French had to have money to finance the fighting.
Congress of Vienna 1815: Objective? To Restore the Balance of Power
Conservatives tried to put ideas of liberty back in the box.
What are
the three
estates?
The French Revolution
•Ancien Regime
•Absolutist power for the king
•Louis XVI called the Estates-General, but the bourgeoisie
take control and declare the National Assembly
•Write the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the
Citizen
•Radical stage with Jacobins
called the Reign of Terror
•Napoleon seized the govt.
American Revolution:
•New political thought
•Upset with new taxes and
trade controls
•Restrictions on moving west
•Declaration of Independence
•Constitution based on
Enlightenment principles, but
limited the right to vote and
kept slavery
American
French
Haitian
Latin American
John Locke’s Social Contract said that people had the
right to overthrow the government if it was bad.
French philosophes Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau
spread the new ideas to France which was the picture of
absolutism.
New wealth led to the rise of the bourgeoisie who had no power. These
self-made men were literate and supported the ideas of the
Enlightenment. Afterall, they wanted the power to
go with their money. Why should the do nothing aristocrats get all the
power?
The Enlightenment a.k.a. The Age of Reason
led to serious questioning of absolutist govts
This was influenced by previous eras such as
Renaissance, the Protestant Reformation
and the Scientific Rev.
The idea that people COULD figure things out
and come up with better governments.
Forces for Political Change
Concept of nation-state shifted loyalties from a
king or noble to a nation
Britain and the Netherlands both had
constitutional monarchies
Industrial Rev. led to economic changes and th
demands for political change by the end of the
19th c.
Colonies in the New World
• Spain and Portugal
• Developed large
bureaucracies in
urban areas
• Brought concepts of
feudalism and
absolutism with them
• English colonies had
no bureaucracies
• Colonists et up their
own structures like
representative bodies
and ran their own
affairs…salutary
neglect