Transcript Driving Factors for the Monitoring and Speciation of

International Union of Air Pollution Prevention and
Environmental Protection Association and Integrated
Program on Urban, Regional and Global Air Pollution
Joint Seminar
Hotel Royal Pedregal, Mexico D.F., Mexico
January 22-23rd, 2004
Pedro Oyola Ph D
Dirección Ejecutiva
Comisión Nacional del Medio Ambiente
[email protected]
Introduction
• In 1997 Santiago Metropolitan Region was
declared saturated with TSP, PM10, CO, O3 and
latent for NO2.
• An Atmospheric Decontamination and Prevention
Program for the Metropolitan Region was initiated.
• An intensive program to reduce the impact from
mobile sources, specially public transportation
system was started.
• An important collaboration between CONAMA
and the Universities was initiated oriented to
increase the capacity building.
MAIN AIR
QUALITY PROBLEMS
HIGH LEVELS OF
• PM10 and PM2.5
• OZONE
Santiago Cost/ Benefits
Action Plan 2001-2005
Emission
reduction
( ton/year )
Actions
2.755 MP
14.732 NOx
Cost
127 US$ mill/year
Benefits
260 US$ mill/year
Health cost ( $ / year )
Type of vehicles
Damage( $ / year)
Light gasoline
10.959
Light LPG
15.812
Light CNG
18.798
Light diesel
103.960
Santiago
de Chile
End of the world
40km
Santiago de
Chile
Santiago Metropolitan Region´s
Air Quality Network
LA PAZ
PUDAHUEL
LAS CONDES
SEMINARIO
P. O´HIGGINS
LA FLORIDA
CERRILLOS
EL BOSQUE
El Monte
Metereological Network
CENTRO NACIONAL DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE
-33.00
La Dormida
La Dormida
Quilapilún
Quilapilún
Polpaico
Polpaico
Lo Pinto
-33.25
Lo Pinto
Airport
San Cristóbal
SanLa
Cristóbal
Reina
Esc. Entel
Ingeniería
Entel
Lo Prado
María Pinto
Lo Prado
La Reina
Esc. Ingeniería
María Pinto
-33.50
Mallarauco
Lo Cañas
Cuesta Barriga
La Platina
Cuesta Barriga
Mallarauco
La Platina
La Campana
El Paico
-33.75
El Manzano
El Manzano
Pirque
La Campana
El Paico
Lo Cañas
Los Tilos
Pirque
Los Tilos
Codigua
Codigua
Paine
Paine
Cuesta Chada
Cuesta Chada
-34.00
-71.50
-71.25
-71.00
-70.75
-70.50
RED DE ESTACIONES METEOROLOGICAS OPERADAS POR CENMA
(ubicadas en la Región Metropolitana)
-70.25
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1200
1000
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
% of PM10 reduction at the Macam Network-Winter
period 1997-2003
Anthropogenic Responsibility
on PM10 Inmissions
Source
Buses
Trucks
Light Vehicles
Participation
21%
13%
14%
Mobile Total
48%
Combustion Fixed
12%
Processes Fixed
14%
Homes
7%
Fixed Total
33%
Firewood, farmland, sewage
19%
Area Total
19%
Meteorological Conditions
Air Pollution = Emission + Ventilation
The ventilation indicators for Santiago are Good
Good to Regular
Regular
Bad
Critical
August, 15 17:00
Pudahuel August, 16 00:00
August, 14 17:00
August, 13 17:00
Site Location in Región
Metropolitana
Cerro
Calán
Gotuzzo
Buin
Cu-As-Mo-S Time Series at Buin
Winter 1996
10000.0
1000.0
Cu
100.0
ng/m
3
As
Mo
S
10.0
1.0
0.1
4-jul
6-jul
8-jul
10-jul
12-jul
14-jul
16-jul
18-jul
20-jul
22-jul
24-jul
Emissions
• In large cities, vehicle emission are usually the most
important
• In small cities, there may be sources specific (and
limited) to the area that are significant (smelters, house
heating, biomass burning, etc.)
• Fixed sources are easiest to control, moving sources are
harder
• Local emissions may mislead the interpretation of the
results.
• Monitoring site representativeness is needed
Monitoring site representativeness, PM-10
Data from a monitoring site should be representative
of the community, independent of local sources.
Parque O'Higgins, average day
3
Concent ration (ug/m )
200
150
100
50
December
November
October
September
August
July
23
21
19
17
15
13
11
9
7
5
3
1
0
Time of day
July
August
September
October
November
December
Local traffic influence
No local traffic influence
Pudahuel, average day
Las Condes, average day
3
Concentration (ug/m )
250
200
150
100
50
June
May
April
March
February
January
January
February
March
April
May
23
Time of day
21
19
17
15
13
9
11
7
3
5
1
0
Concent ration (ug/m 3)
150
100
50
June
June
May
April
March
February
January
0
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
Time of day
January
February
March
21
23
April
May
June
VISUALIZATION
• Similar shapes for the monthly average indicate similar sources
for EC and PM2.5
– 9 hrs. peak
• Traffic is the likely source for the 8
• Different source is expected for the midnight peak
• Wind may be responsible for the minimum at 13
100
25
May
June
July
August
September
3
15
PM2.5
90
3
20
Concentration ( g/m )
EC
Concentration (g/m )
– 18 hrs.
10
5
May
June
80
July
70
August
60
September
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Time of day
14
16
18
20
22
24
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Time of day
14
16
18
20
22
24
Topography
May determine the concentration of pollutants in certain areas
• Controls the local wind pattern
• Limits the spatial extent of pollutants
Environmental grouping
• Cluster analysis of the data among the stations is
used to obtain groups with similar temporal behavior
• These groups are similar for PM10 and ozone
• The groups are independent of the season
• Topography of the city is probably responsible for
the configuration of the groups
Ozone
PM10
PM10 Daily Cycles April-September (2000-2003)
Early episode
Episode
Late episode
Airborne transport of Fine
Particle inside the Mapocho
Valley
0,4
0,2
Episode 28 - 30 July 2003
Usach
Puhaduel
0,35
Airport
Abs. Coef. (1/km)
0,3
0,15
0,25
0,2
0,1
0,15
0,1
0,05
0,05
0
0
0
8
16
24
32
40
Time of day
48
56
64
72
Fine Particles Size Distribution and Temporal Evolution
4000
Las Condes, 10 - 11 July 2003
3500
Size (nm)
44,5
3000
71
151
Number
2500
202
2000
1500
1000
500
0
19
:12
21
:36
0:0
0
2:2
4
4:4
8
7:1
Time
2
9:3
6
12
:00
60000
Pudahuel 23 july 2003
Size ( nm)
50000
44,5
71
151
Number
40000
202
30000
20000
10000
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Time
14
16
18
20
22
24
Daily and Nightly Averages of the Physicochemical
Composition of the PM2,5 at Pudahuel
PUDAHUEL - Composición Media del PM2.5
25 de Junio al 11 de agosto 2003
DIURNO: 6 - 18 h
PM2.5 = 44,8 gm-3
NOCTURNO 18 a 6 h
PM2.5 = 83,8 gm-3
K+
4% (1,9)
K+
6% (5,3)
XXV JORNADAS
CHILENAS DE QUIMICA
% del PM2.5 (concentración en gm-3)
Clusters and Sources
C25
C26
C27
C23
C29
C30
C28
C22
C24
C31
C32
C33
C34
C35
Dimethyl-phenanthranes
Coronene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Antrathrene
Benzo[a]anthracene
Indeno[1,2,3-cd] pyrene
Benzofluoranthenes
Benzo[e]pyrene
Chrysene/
Triphenylene
Benzo[ghi]perylene
Perylene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Phenanthrene
Flurene
Anthracene
Methyl-phenanthranes
C18
C20
C16
Phytane
C17
Pristane
C19
C21
UCM
C14
C15
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C onc e ntra c ión (ng/m )
HAPs Comparison at Pudahuel & Parque O´Higgins
Comp ar ación HAP s en P arq ue O 'Higgin s v/s P udahuel 2003
23 de Julio
120
F+ P :170
HAP s
PUF
F+ P :1529
90
60
30
0
Acknowledgements
http://fisica.usach.cl/uv/archivos
http://www.conama.cl/rm/realtime