Transcript Document

Post-World War II Africa
Modern-Day Rwanda, South
Africa, & Somalia
Post-WWII Africa

The Colonial Legacy

Economics


New African nations still depended on Europe
Government & Education

Europeans did not educate Africans in governance



Many nations fell to authoritarian governments
Health Care


Limited education opportunities
Many remote areas have little access to modern healthcare
National Borders

Borders were drawn by European colonial powers
Post-WWII Africa

Impact of World War II

Nationalism


Many returning soldiers
did want accept being 2nd
class citizens
Aversion to Fighting

Most European countries
were not willing to fight
to keep colonies
Case Study I:
The Rwandan Genocide
What is Genocide?

Any act committed with intent to destroy,
in whole or in part, a national, ethnic,
racial or religious group


Killing members of the group
Imposing measures intended to prevent births
within a group
Rwanda Genocide

The Rwandan genocide was the
systematic massacre of an estimated
800,000 people



Mostly Tutsi tribe members
Also includes moderate Hutus members
The massacre lasted approximately 100
days from April to mid-July, 1994
Map of Rwanda
Rwanda-History

3 tribes of people that
inhabit Rwanda



Twa, the original
inhabitants
Hutus, migrated in
1000s
Tutsi, migrated in the
1300s
Rwanda-History (Continued)


The Tutsis tribe of people gained a large
dominance over the Hutus
By the late 1800s, Rwanda was totally
controlled by the Tutsis


Government was controlled by a Tutsi King
Population was:



75% Hutu
20% Tutsi
5% Twa
European Contact

First Contact


British explorer Hanning Speke
(1858)
Imperialism

Rwanda becomes part of
German East Africa (1890)



Rwanda continues self-rule
Tutsis still control the country
World War I Effects

1916 - Belgian forces occupy
Rwanda (1916)
Rwanda 1933

Under Belgian Rule


Tutsis continue to control the
country
Introduction to the
Eugenics Movement

Tutsis were considered to
have Caucasian ancestry
(through lighter skin, larger
skulls) and therefore were
‘superior’ to Hutus
Rwanda 1933 (continued)

Eugenics Movement Effects

Creation of group classification on ID
card


Introduced a rigid racial concept of
group identity


Belief of superior racial status
For Tutsis


ID cards now stated if the individual was
Twa, Hutu or Tutsi
Some exploited their power
For Hutus

Created resentment
The ID Cards
Civil Strife in the 1950s & 1960s

Hutus Look to Gain Power



Civil War (1959)


Hutu Political Parties are formed
Call for a change in government
(1957)
Thousands of Tutsis including
the King are forced into exile in
Uganda
Hutus Gain Power



Rwanda proclaimed a republic
(1961)
Hutu Gregoire Kayibanda named
president (1962)
Many Tutsis leave the country
Rwanda 1990-1993

Invasion from Uganda by the Rwandan Patriotic
Front (1990)


Mainly Tutsi refugees
Effects of the Invasion


New multi-party constitution (1991)
Power sharing agreement (1993)


Signals the end of civil war
UN sent to monitor the agreement
Rwanda 1994


In April 1994, the presidents of Rwanda and
Burundi were killed in a suspicious plane crash
Civil war erupted on a massive scale


RPF launches a major offensive
Extremist Hutu militia and elements of the Rwandan
military begin the systematic massacre of Tutsis
Rwandan Statistics

Genocide lasts approx. 100
days

An estimated 800,000 people
were killed



Total population of Rwanda
was about 7 million
Many Tutsi women were
systematically raped by HIV+
Hutu men
No outside government did
anything to stop the
genocide
Post-Genocide Rwanda

Political Landscape


A new flag and national anthem are unveiled to try to
promote national unity and reconciliation (2001)
RPF wins an absolute majority in government
elections (2003)



RPF wins large majority again in 2008


Paul Kagame becomes first president
EU observers say poll was marred by irregularities and fraud.
President Kagame wins new term in elections (2010)
Presidential candidate against Kagame


Victoire Ingabire Umuhoza is arrested in 2010
Bernard Ntaganda is sentenced for four years in jail in 2011
Genocide Trials vs. Prisoner Release

Capturing Perpetrators




Hundreds have been arrested and tried for war
crimes, terrorism, crimes against humanity, etc.
Includes priests, army officers, government officials
President Kagame has been accused
Overcrowding of Prisons





36,000 prisoners released in 2005
8,000 released in 2007
Most confessed to involvement in the genocide
Third phase of releases since 2003
60,000 suspects have been freed since 2003
The Rwandan Economy

Economic Partners



Major exports to Belgium, Germany & China
Investment and trade agreement with
Belgium
The government has promoted economic
development


Shows signs of development
The major exports are coffee and tea

Coffee makes up more than 50% of the total
export
Case Study II:
South Africa
Geography of South Africa
Important Cities of South Africa
Provinces of South Africa
History of South Africa
Pre-European Contact

Remains exist from about three million years ago



Contains some of the oldest archaeological sites in the
world
The earliest ironworks are believed to date from
around 1050
Humans have inhabited for more than 100,000
years.

The two major historic groups were the Xhosa and Zulu

1487

History of South Africa
Early contact with Europeans
Portuguese explorer
Bartolomeu Dias



First European in
southern Africa.
He named the cape
“Cape of Storms”
King John II renamed it
“Cape of Good Hope”
History of South Africa
Early contact with Europeans

1652

Jan van Riebeeck


Represented the Dutch East
India Company
Founded the Cape Colony

Would become Cape Town
History of South Africa (cont)

Early Role of Cape Town


Colonists use slaves from Indonesia, Madagascar, and India
Discovery of resources

Diamonds and gold



Encouraged economic growth and immigration
Started the Anglo-Boer War
Boers and the British fought for control
History of South Africa
British Control

Cape Town became a
British colony in 1806


European settlement
expanded during the
1820s
Early 1800s

Shaka Zulu founds and
expands the Zulu
empire, creates a
formidable fighting force

1835-1840



The Great Trek
Boers leave Cape Colony
Establish the Orange Free
State and the Transvaal
This intensified the
struggle to control
economic resources

Competition between
natives, Boers, and British
The Boer Wars

The Boer fought the
British throughout the
late 1800s



Boers used guerrilla
warfare tactics
The British ultimately
won
Formation of Union of
South Africa (1910)

Dominion of the British
Empire
British Rule of South Africa


The Natives' Land Act
of 1913 severely
restricted the
ownership of land by
blacks
Statute of
Westminster (1931)

Effectively granted
independence
Apartheid becomes Law

Election of 1948



The National Party was elected to power
The legislature passed legally institutionalized
segregation, later known as apartheid
System of segregation


The white minority controlled the vastly larger black majority
Classified all peoples into three races


White, Colored, Black
Developed rights and limitations for each

i.e. residential restrictions
Anti-Apartheid Movement

ANC responds to
apartheid



Led by Nelson Mandela
Uses tactics such as civil
disobedience and
sabotage
1964 - ANC leader
Nelson Mandela
sentenced to life
imprisonment
Views of Apartheid

Opposition to Apartheid

Within the country



Outside the country




Colored and Blacks
The African National Congress (ANC)
International sanctions
Boycotts of doing business with South Africa
Excluded from 1960 Olympic Games
Government still continued apartheid


Harshly oppressed resistance movements
Violence became widespread
South Africa in the 1970s

Military Spending
Increased


Began nuclear weapon
development
Social Unrest Continued

Hundreds were killed in
various protests
South Africa in the 1980s

Military Spending


Produced six nuclear
weapons
Social Unrest Eases



President FW de Klerk
meets Mandela (1989)
Public facilities
desegregated
Many ANC activists freed
South Africa in the 1990s

End of Apartheid




Ban on political organizations (including ANC)
was lifted
Released Nelson Mandela from prison after
twenty-seven years
Repealed apartheid legislation
Destroyed its nuclear arsenal
Free Elections




First universal
elections in 1994
ANC won by an
overwhelming
majority
Mandela elected
President
ANC has been in
power ever since
Attacking Apartheid

Truth and Reconciliation
Commission (1996)



Led by Archbishop
Desmond Tutu
Brands apartheid a crime
against humanity
Also finds the ANC
accountable for human
rights abuses
Modern South Africa

Major Developments against AIDS

2001



2002


South Africa wins court battle to import generic AIDS drugs
Gov’t must give AIDS drugs to pregnant women to prevent
transmission to their babies
Gov’t must provide anti-AIDs drug at all public hospitals
2003

Government approves program to provide anti-AIDS
medicine via public health system.

Drug-distribution centers and preventative programs
Modern South Africa

Economic Conditions since Apartheid



Economy had steady growth
However unemployment has grown
Recession in 2009 first time since mid 1990s
Modern South Africa

Social Conditions since
Apartheid





S. Africa becomes the fifth in
the world to allow same-sex
unions (2006)
President Mbeki urges to bring
corrupt officials to justice
(2007)
Wave of violence directed at
foreigners (2008)
Poor living conditions lead to
violent protests (2009)
South Africa hosts the World
Cup tournament (2010)
Case Study III:
Somalia
Where is Somalia?
History of Somalia

Imperialist Age of 1800s


Late 1800s


Protectorate of Great Britain
1960


Protectorate of Italy
Post-World War II


Egypt, France, England & Italy
all claim parts of Somalia
Achieved independence
1970s

Military dictatorship
 Under Mohamed Siad
Barre
Somalia under Barre




Declares Somalia a
socialist state in 1970
Joins the Arab League
in 1974
Invades Ethiopia in
1977
Ousted in 1991
Somali Civil War – 1991

Somali Civil War



Strategic importance was
diminished due to end of
the Cold War
Disrupted agriculture, food
& water distribution
Based on clan allegiances
and competition for
resources
Somali Civil War – 1991

More Results


Famine –
approx. 300,000
dead
UN authorized a
limited
peacekeeping
operation

Completely
disregarded by
the warring
factions
Warlords

The country was ruled by a
number of warlords



A person with power who has
military and civil control over a an
area
Armed forces loyal to the warlord
and not to a central government
Alliance of warlords was formed
in 1992


Operated under the authority of
Mohamed Farrah Aidid
Declared himself President of
Somalia
United States Response

Operation Restore
Hope

To restore order in
Somalia
The Home-Front

On June 5, 1993, one of
the deadliest attacks on
UN forces in Somalia
occurred

24 UN soldiers were killed
in Mogadishu (controlled
by Aidid)
The UN Responds

The next day, the UN
called for the arrest and
trial of those responsible
for the ambush

US and UN began an
attack on Aidid’s control
The Battle of Mogadishu


Fought on October 3
and 4, 1993, in
Mogadishu, Somalia
Operation was to
capture top officials to
Aidid
Fallout from Mogadishu
The End of
International Involvement

Withdrawal
 President Clinton called
for a full withdrawal by
March 1994
 The UN withdrew forces
in 1995


Ended the UN effort to
help a country in anarchy
and civil war
Aideed dies in 1996 and is
succeeded by his son
Hussein
Modern Day Somalia – Government



First government since 1991
is announced by Hussein in
2000
Somali warlords announce
their own national
government in 2001
Somali government has
seen numerous problems
since 2001


Islamic fundamentalists have
gained power
Has not had a stable
government since 1991
Modern Day Somalia –
Humanitarian Crisis

2001


2004


Severe drought nearly 500,000
people to appeal for food aid
Tsunami causes hundreds of
tens of thousands of people are
displaced
2007


UN says more than 320,000
Somalis have fled fighting in
Mogadishu
Number of Somali refugees hits
one million
Modern Day Somalia –
Acts of Piracy


2008
 Somali pirates' hijack a
Ukrainian ship
 The US and other
countries deploy navy
ships
 Hijack an oil-laden Saudi
super-tanker
 Demand a $25m dollar
ransom for its return
2009
 Pirates seize a
supertanker carrying oil
from Saudi Arabia to the
US
Modern Day Somalia –
Acts of Piracy

2011
 Pirate attacks on
ships worldwide
hit seven-year
high in 2010
 Somali pirates
accounting for 49
of 52 ships seized
THE END