Living with the Legacies of Historical Globalization

Social Studies 10-1

genocide gacaca courts

Key Terms

apartheid enemy aliens non-governmental organization gross national income

How effectively have governments responded to the legacies of historical globalization?

During this chapter…

• Think about whether or not you think people responded effectively • Think about whether or not governments responded effectively • Think about the role organizations played in responding to historical globalization • What are the effects of historical globalization on the world?

The People

’

s Response

• People are still responding to some effects of historical globalization • It is important to understand that some responses can be positive and some can be negative

Rwanda

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vwT9aTrAfQ E

Case Study - Rwanda

Case Study - Rwanda

• Who – There are two main indigenous groups that occupy the country: the Hutus and the Tutsis • Approximatly 85% of the population were Hutu and 15% were Tutsis

The Hutus and the Tutsis

• While the Hutu and Tutsi are often considered to be two separate ethnic groups, – it has been pointed out that they speak the same language, have a history of intermarriage, and share many cultural characteristics. • Traditionally, the differences between the two groups were occupational rather than ethnic.

– Agricultural people were considered Hutu – Cattle-owning elite were identified as Tutsi

Case Study - Rwanda

• What – Political unrest, war, and genocide • Where – Rwanda is a country in east central Africa • When – The issues spans history as far back as the late 1800 ’ s and still have influences today.

WHY?

• To understand why, we need to look at the history of Rwanda.

• Prior to the Scramble for Africa, Rwanda was occupied by two main indigenious tribes, the Hutus and the Tutsis • The Scramble for Africa commenced in the late 1800 ’ s, this was a time when many European nations wanted to claim land in Africa for their own benefits. Much of this land and people who lived there were exploited.

• During the Scramble Germany picked up the area we now identify as Rwanda.

WHY?

• Germany reinforced the traditional distinction between the Hutus and Tutsis, but appointed only Tutsis to key positions in the colony because they were thought to be more like Europeans • This created tension between the two groups • After WWI Germany had to give their land they had acquired in Africa to Belgium • The Belgians continued the distinction between Hutus and Tutsis, and even created a bigger division by making the people carry card to identyify what group they belonged to.

Rwanda

’

s Struggle

• After WWII, most colonies in Africa began to demand their independence • 1962, Belgium pulled out of Rwanda • The conflict then began between the Hutus and Tutsis over who would have political power. • The battle began and continued to intensify as the majority Hutu government began a campaign against Tutsis and any sympathetic Hutus.

• Thus, a civil war.

Peace?

• In 1993, a peace agreement was made that put an end to the fighting, but did nothing about the hatred • The peace agreement required the government to share power with other political groups, including the Tutsi led Patriotic Front • This condition angered many Hutus

April 6, 1994

• A plane carrying Rwandan president Juvenal Habyarimana was shot down • It was not known who was responsible • The Rwandan government and some Hutu militants blamed the Tutsis • Government and militia forces retaliated against the Tutsis • Radio broadcasts encouraged Hutus civilians to take revenge • The Militia favored hacking their victims to death using machetes

Genocide

• the mass killing of human beings, especially a targeted group of people • By July 19, 1994, an estimated 800,000 to 1 million Tutsis and moderate Hutus had been killed • Tutsis and moderate Hutus tried to find shelter in churches or in United Nations buildings, but these people rarely survived

Is this a legacy of historical globalization?

• Tell me what you think, now that we have looked at the basic facts that led up to the Rwandan Genocide

+ or -

• From the Case Study of Rwanda, it is obvious to see that the response to a historical legacy by the people was detrimental to a society ’ s existence • But is there any positive responses?

What

’

s being done now?

• Class Activity – Rebuilding Rwandan Society • Page 192-193 • You have 10 minutes • Read the assigned section with a partner • Write down the 3 most important points from that section • We will be discussing you findings as a class

What is being done now…

• Rwandan ’ s now are left trying to rebuild their society and reconcile with one another • UN played a significant role during the fighting, and now they created International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda • Gacaca Courts – justice on the grass • Rebuilding their economy, farming coffee, many farms were rebuilt • Rwanda has received international support – Ubuntu Edmonton

AVEGA Agahozo

• This is a national organization of 25 000 Rwandan women who survived the genocide and are trying to improve living conditions for themselves and their children as well as the estimated 95 000 orphans from the horrors in 1994 • • • • •

99.9% of Rwandan children witnessed violence 76.6% experienced death of a family member 69.5% witnessed someone being killed 57.7% witnessed violence with a machete 31.4% witnessed rape or sexual assault

United Nations

The goals of the United Nations are to – Keep peace, and security – Promote friendly relations among the countries – Promote human rights – Protect the environment – Fight poverty and disease – And to help refugees

UN Con

’

t

• What happens if you are not represented within the UN?

• Consider the fact that First Peoples are trying to persuade Canadian governments to honour their rights. Canada is represented at the UN, but First Peoples are not. What conflicts might arise when First Peoples living in Canada try to gain an independent hearing at the UN?

South Africa - Background

• 1652, South Africa was colonized by the Dutch, Portuguese, French, and British.

• The Eurocentric beliefs of the time ensured that both the indigenous and immigrants from India were treated as second class citizens.

• After World War II, South African government introduced

apartheid

— laws that strictly segregated the population.

• Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, many groups struggled to end apartheid, using non-violent and violent means.

Racism as a government policy • In 1926, South Africa became an independent dominion within the British empire.

• Because the blacks outnumbered whites by more than 10 to 1, the government passed laws to ensure white economic and political control.

Racism as a government policy

• All South Africans were classified as either white, Asian, colored, or black.

• The groups lived in separate areas, went to separate schools and worked at separate jobs.

• The 1970 ’ s and 1980 ’ s saw many gorups struggle to end apartheid.

South Africa

Racism as government policy

• The government responded by banning protest organization and locking up their leaders, including Nelson Mandela, who led the African National Congress.

South Africa Con

’

t

Student protest in Soweto

• 15 000 and 20 000 black high school students in the South African township of Soweto demonstrated to demand better education.

• “ Natives must be taught from an early age that equality with Europeans is not for them.

” • Police officers opened fire • students responded by throwing rocks and bottles and setting fire to buildings and vehicles.

• The government said that 168 people were killed, but the people said that the number dead was over 350

Reconciliation Commission

• Under pressure from both the international community and within the country, the South African government started dismantling apartheid in 1986.

• 1994 Nelson Mandela was elected president by a vote of

all

the South African People • Mandela established the commission to help deal with the outfall of apartheid • Desmond Tutu chaired the commissions investigation into human rights violations

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission

• Mandela established this commission to: – Confront their violent past – Bring together the victims of crimes – Try to reconcile peoples who had been in deadly conflict with each other for so long.

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission

• The commission found South African government, civil servants, and security forces were guilty of violating people ’ s human rights.

• The African liberation movements were also guilty of violating peoples human rights.

Internment

• Germans and Ukrainians lost the right to vote and were required to check in with the government during WWI they were regarded as

Enemy Aliens,

placed in internment camps and to this day the Government has never apologized • During WWII the Japanese suffered a similar fate however after compensation the government issued an official apology

Legacies of the Indian Act

• Has many shortcomings when dealing with First Nations issues • 1991 Royal Commission was established to investigate relationships Big surprise, the commission determined that the main policies pursued by the act for 150 years was wrong Chretien tried to change in it 2002 to eliminated harmful acts but to maintain financial obligations neither side could agree and the debate still continues…..

Non Governmental Organizations

• NGOs have specific goals, and they try to raise public awareness and gain support in achieving those goals • NGOs, such as Human Rights Watch, advocate for human rights in countries around the world • NGOs help people rebuild communities in a variety of ways • Critics claim that some NGOs are sponsored by groups that want to undermine or overthrow governments.

Foreign Aid

Foreign aid is the money, expertise, supplies, and other goods given by one country to another The goal is to reduce poverty and encourage a more secure, equitable, and prosperous world The UN has set a goal of 0.07% of GNI to be set aside for foreign aid by wealthy nations. No country has ever met this goal. The best Canada has ever managed was donating 0.05% once, in 1986.