Transcript スライド 1 - Paul Bacon

BYSTANDER TO GENOCIDE
-INTERNATIONAL FAILURE IN RWANDA-
Leo Pascault and Trine Futtrup
TUTSIS AND HUTUS

Peaceful cohabitation


Socio-economic titles def. In
relation to the Tutsi Monarch
1916: Belgian colonisation

'Hamiatic' superioty of
Tutsis → Favoured over
Hutus.
“If your inclusion or exclusion from
regime or rights or entitlements , as
defined by law, then this become a
central defining fact for you the
individual and your group.”
CIVIL WAR BREAKS OUT

1959: Hutu riots result in killing of 20.000 Tutsis


1962: Independence under Hutu government.


Wave of refugees (Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda)
1973: Military Coup by Hutu leader Juvenal
Habyarimana
1987: Rwandan Political Front
(RPF) forms.

Oct '90: Tutsi invasion of North.
THE ARUSHA ACCORDS

The Arusha accords (August 4, 1993):
- Ends civil war between RPF (Tutsi) and
Rwandan Defense Forces (Hutu)
- Establishes ceasefire and a Broad-Based
Transitional Government

UN supervision (UNAMIR)
UNAMIR


th
(OCT.5
1993)
Resolution 872: United Nations Assistance Mission for
Rwanda
Main objectives: monitor

Implementation of the ceasefire

Movement twd. transitional gov.

Method: 1,458 troops (I)~2548 troops (II)*

US condition: peace implementation progress
keeping costs under control.
RESOLUTION 909 (5thapril 1994)
Topic: 6 month
extension of
UNAMIR mandate?



US: withdrawal unless
immediate action

Council: time and
resource argument.
Decision: 6 weeks
or withdrawal.
100 DAYS OF GENOCIDE

April 6: The presidential airplane Habyarimana
is shot down (by Hutu extremists?)

Killings of Tutsis start the very same day

April 7: PM and 10 belgian soldiers killed

April 10: Westerners rescued from Rwanda

Genocide extends to whole country by end of April
”We had two French military officers who helped train the
Interahamwe[3]. […] The French military taught us how to catch
people and tie them. […] I saw the French show Interahamwe
how to throw knives and how to assemble and disassemble
guns.”
EXECUTIONERS OF THE GENOCIDE

All layers of society

State institutions

Interahamwe +Impuzamugambi: paramilitary
groups with no uniforms



Execution of PM Uwilingiyimana & 10 Belgian Soldiers
RTLM: genocidal radio station. Tracked path of
fleeing Hutus.
Were the Arusha accords indirectly responsible
for the genocide?
WAS RWANDA A GENOCIDE?

The Convention of the Prevention and the
Punishement of the Crime of Genocide (1948)

Article 2 defines a genocide as any of the
“following acts committed with intent to destroy in whole or
in part, a national, racial or religious group, as such: (a)
Killing members of the group; (b) Causing serious
bodily or mental harm to members of the group; (c)
Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life
calculated to bring about its physical destruction in
whole or in part; (d) Imposing measures intented to
prevent births within the group; (e) Forcibly transferring
children of the group to another group.”
ACTION TAKEN BY THE IC
International community

Misinterpretation of the situation >< bad faith?


Resolution 912 (April 22, 1994)


UNAMIR forces are reduced to 270 soldiers
The shadow of Somalia


UN secretary general's report
Sacrifying western soldiers'life to save Tutsis?
Presidential Decision Directive 25
NEW STANCE: UNAMIR(II)

Secretary General's criticism + offer of troops from African
states → Resolution 925 unanimously passed on June 8th.

Objective: protect civilians
support for humanitarian relief


Method: 5,500 troops
Issues: action required massive media reports
on killings
securing equipment to enable troops to deploy
OPERATION TURQUOISE



22 June 1994: Resolution 929: allowed France
to set up humanitarian mission to protect Tutsis
French motives: humanitarian mission or
Francafrique?
The Humanitarian Safe Zone

Provided security to Tutsi refugees, government
officials and Hutu perpetrators
ACTION THAT SHOULD HAVE
BEEN TAKEN
Action that should have been taken





Involve Hutu extremists in the Arusha peace
proces
Change of mandate and extra resources for
UNAMIR.
Employ UNAMIR faster
Inaction of the UN: 9 months to intervene
preventively before the killings started
Favoring of Western lives over Rwandan ones


Troops could have saved Rwandan lives as well.
Extended interpretation of article 39: threat to
A FAILURE OF
RESPONSIBILITY

The Responsibility to Protect


Ghost of Rwanda
A failure to...Prevent, react, rebuild?

“The task is not to find alternatives to the Security
Council as a source of authority,but to make the
Security Council work better than it has.”

“The SC should deal promptly with any request for
authority to intervene... It should in this context seek
adequate verification of facts or conditions on the
ground that might support a military intervention.”
RWANDA TODAY
POST-GENOCIDE RWANDA


Population: 11.6m (430.64/sq. km)

Birth rate: 4.60 children/woman

42.6% of the population is aged 0-14y.

Life expectancy: 47.3years
Head of State: Paul Kagame (RPF)


Disproportionate power representation
GDP: US$6bn

8.8% growth/year
THE MARK OF GENOCIDE

Presence of genocide

Prisoner population: 115,000 in jails and
cachots(2002).

Memorials

No history lessons since 1994

Poverty and population pressure

Public discourse: genocide terminology

refugees, returnees, victims, survivors and
perpetrators
NATIONAL RECONCILIATION

Public discourse: “We are all Banyarwandan”



Collective memory
NURC: National Unity and Reconciliation
Comission (1999)
Gacaca courts (closed as of 12/06)

Conviction of 2,000,000 genocidaire
INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES



ICTR (1995): International tribunal based in
Arusha.

Dec 2003: 10 detainees convicted.

56 high-ranking officials and leaders incarcerated
Criticism

Ineffectivity of the International Court

Investigations of the RPF?
The unpopularity of the UN and the West in
post-genocide Rwanda.
EVALUATING RWANDA
EVALUATING RWANDA
OPERATION TURQUOISE

Supreme Humanitarian Emergency: O

Necessity/ Last resort: O/ Δ

Proportionality: X

Positive Humanitarian Outcome: O/ Δ

Humanitarian motive: X

Humanitarian justifications: Δ

Legality: O

Selectivity: X
RESPONSE OF THE IC?

Supreme Humanitarian Emergency: O

Necessity/ Last resort: O/X

Proportionality: X

Positive Humanitarian Outcome: X

Humanitarian motive: Δ/X

Humanitarian justifications: Δ/X

Legality: O

Selectivity: X
WORKS CITED
Wheeler, N. “Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in
International Society” (2003)


Frontline. “Ghosts of Rwanda” (2005)

Mamdani, M. “When Victims become Killers” (2002)
Maritz, D. “Rwandan Genocide: Failure of the International
Community?”(2012)
http://www.e-ir.info/2012/04/07/rwandan-genocide-failure-ofthe-international-community/
