Transcript The Early National Period and Major Events in the First

THE EARLY NATIONAL PERIOD AND
MAJOR EVENTS IN THE FIRST HALF OF
THE 19TH CENTURY
VUS.6
THE EMERGENCE OF POLITICAL PARTIES

At the end of Washington’s presidency in the 1790’s,
two political parties emerged:

Federalists (led by Hamilton and Adams)
Supported the Bank of the United States, the Jay Treaty,
and the undeclared war with France
 Loose constructionists
 Strong government, commerce-based economy


Democratic Republicans (led by Jefferson and Madison)
Did not support the B.U.S., Jay’s Treaty, and wanted
alliance with France
 Strict constructionists
 Stronger state governments, agriculture-based economy

ELECTION OF 1800

•
Jefferson defeated Adams by 1 vote
The election was the first American presidential
election in which power was peacefully transferred from
one political party to another.


(Federalists- Democratic Republicans
Adams’ “midnight appointments” led to Marbury v.
Madison case
JEFFERSON AND THE LOUISIANA
PURCHASE
1803- Jefferson purchases Louisiana Territory
from France
 Cost approximately $15 million dollars
 Doubles the size of the nation overnight
 Lewis and Clark are sent by Jefferson on
scouting mission of new land


Sacajawea, an American Indian woman, served as
their guide and translator.
MADISON AND THE WAR OF 1812

Causes:
British interference
with American
shipping,
impressments
 American western
expansion made
evident Britain’s
failure to comply with
Treaty of 1783 and
Jay’s Treaty

WAR OF 1812: ATTACK ON
WASHINGTON


August 24, 1814
Burned
Washington,
D.C. government
buildings
White House
and Capitol
 Dolly Madison
saved portrait of
Washington


Moved on to
Baltimore from
Washington
WHITE HOUSE AFTER ATTACK
CAPITOL BUILDING
ATTACK ON BALTIMORE
Americans defended Ft. McHenry
 Star-Spangled Banner written by Francis Scott Key
about the battle

END OF THE WAR

Ended with Treaty of Ghent
December 24, 1814
 Led to American claim to the Oregon Territory and
increased immigration of American settlers into
Florida, which was later acquired by treaty from
Spain.


Failure of Federalists to support “Mr. Madison’s
War” led to the end of the Federalist party
ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS

Nationalism


Federalist Party Dissolves


Pride and Patriotism Surge post-war
Most Federalists opposed War of 1812 and were seen
as disloyal
Era of Good Feelings

Only one party and therefore no group attacking
President
THE MONROE DOCTRINE
− The American continents should not be
considered for future colonization by any
European powers.
− Nations in the Western Hemisphere were
inherently different from those of Europe
— republics by nature rather than
monarchies.
− The United States would regard as a
threat to her own peace and safety any
attempt by European powers to impose
their system on any independent state in
the Western Hemisphere.
− The United States would not interfere in
European affairs.
PRESIDENT MONROE AND SECRETARY OF
STATE JOHN QUINCY ADAMS
THE AGE OF JACKSON

Expansion of Democracy:

the number of eligible voters increased (eliminated previous
property qualifications)
Prior to the election of 1828, the majority of the American
people had been satisfied to have “aristocrats” select their
president.
 By 1828, Americans began to see themselves as equals and
were more eager to participate in the electoral process.

delegates from states (not party bosses) chose candidates for
President (nominating conventions)
 once elected, President Andrew Jackson used the spoils system
(rewarding supporters with government jobs)

VOTER TURNOUT IN 1828
POLITICAL PARTIES IN 19TH
CENTURY U.S.
 An
extension of the franchise, westward
expansion, and the rise of sectional
interests prompted increased
participation in state and national politics
 The changing character of American
politics “in the age of the common man”
was characterized by



Heightened emphasis on equality in the
political process for adult white males
The rise of interest group politics and sectional
issues
A changing style of campaigning increased
voter participation.
ANDREW JACKSON

Andrew Jackson
personified the
“democratic spirit”
of the age by
challenging
economic elites and
rewarding campaign
supporters with
public office (Spoils
System).

The Federalist Party
disappeared and new
political parties, the
Whigs and KnowNothings, were
organized in opposition
to the Democratic Party
JACKSON AND THE BANK OF THE U.S.
Distrusting the bank
as an undemocratic
tool of the Eastern
elite, Jackson vetoed
the rechartering of the
bank in 1832.
 Jackson’s bank veto
became the central
issue in the election of
1832, as Henry Clay,
the National
Republican candidate,
supported the bank.

EFFECTS OF THE BANK WARS


Made the presidential
veto part of the
legislative process, as
Congress, from then on,
was forced to consider a
presidential veto when
proposing legislation
Jackson put money from
B.U.S. in state banks,
hurting the economy
and led to the Panic of
1837
WESTWARD MOVEMENT
Americans moved West from the East Coast for
economic opportunities
 The growth of railroads and canals helped the
growth of an industrial economy and supported
the westward movement of settlers.
 Horace Greeley- “Go West, young man, go West!”

AMERICANS VS. MEXICANS
 Americans
in Texas led an armed revolt
against Mexican rule
 Battle of the Alamo (Texans lost to
Mexican army)
 The Texans’ eventual victory over
Mexican forces subsequently brought
Texas into the Union.
 The Mexican- American War (1846-1848):

Americans won; gained territory that included
the present-day states of California, Nevada,
Utah, Arizona, and parts of Colorado and New
Mexico.
TRAIL OF TEARS
As Americans moved West, Indians were moved
to reservations
 Trail of Tears (1831-1838)


the relocation Native Americans (Cherokee, Creek,
Seminole, and Choctaw nations) from their
homelands to Indian Territory (present day
Oklahoma)
TRAIL OF TEARS
GIBBONS V. OGDEN
Supreme Court of the U.S. held that the power to
regulate interstate commerce was granted to
Congress by the Commerce Clause of the U.S.
Constitution
 Further strengthens the power of the national
government

GADSDEN PURCHASE

Territory in presentday Arizona and New
Mexico purchased
from Mexico by
President Pierce.
PANIC OF 1819
Economic depression that resulted after the
Embargo Act, War of 1812, and failure to recharter the National Bank
 First major financial crisis of U.S.
