Transcript CHAPTER 3: THE GROWTH OF A YOUNG NATION

CHAPTER 3: THE GROWTH OF A
YOUNG NATION
AMERICA EXPANDS IN
THE FIRST HALF OF
THE 19TH CENTURY
I CAN…
I can discuss the different reasons and
methods for Americans moving west
●I can evaluate the impact of the belief of
Manifest Destiny on Americans wanting to
move west
●I can compare and contrast the
accomplishments of several presidents
●I can connect how the technology of the time
affected American lives
●
THE JEFFERSONIAN ERA: SECTION 1
Election of 1800 pitted Thomas
Jefferson and his DemocraticRepublican Party vs. John
Adams and his Federalist Party
●While Jefferson defeated
Adams by 8 electoral votes, he
tied his running mate, Aaron
Burr
●For six days the House of
Reps took vote after vote until
36 votes later – Jefferson
prevailed (Led to 12th
Amendment)
●
3rd President of the U.S.
1800-1808
1800 Election Results
Burr and
Hamilton Duel
Reason: political (2
different political
party)and personal
tension between the two
●Burr charged with
murder, but charges
were dismissed. Ended
his political career
●
First 2 Political Parties
●
Federalists=
Wealthy party
●Loved British things
●Loose interpretation of
the Constitution
●Supported strong
government leaders
(executive branch)
●Washington, Adams,
John Jay, and Alexander
Hamilton
●
DemocracticRepublicans=
●
Farmers, small business
owners
●Strict interpretation of
Constitution
●Supported a strong
legislature
●Jefferson, Madison
●
SIMPLIFYING THE GOVERNMENT
Jefferson’s
theory of
government, known as
Jeffersonian Republicanism,
held that simple, limited
government was the best for
the people
Jefferson decentralized the
government, cut costs,
reduce bureaucracy, and
eliminate taxes
Jefferson Memorial
JOHN MARSHALL AND THE POWER
OF THE SUPREME COURT
Before leaving office, John Adams
(2nd President), attempts to “pack”
the Federal courts with Federalists
Judges
●Jefferson argued this was
unconstitutional
●Supreme Court Chief Justice
Marshall rules in Marbury v. Madison
(1803) that part of the Judicial Act
was unconstitutional
●Established principle of Judicial
Review – the ability of the Supreme
Court to declare a law
unconstitutional
●
THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE
By 1803, French leader
Napoleon had abandoned his
dreams of an American Empire
●He needed money to fight
European wars, so he accepted
Jefferson’s offered of
$15,000,000
●More than doubled the size of
our country
●Lewis and Clark ordered to go
explore new territory
●
MADISON ELECTED PRESIDENT
After two terms, Jefferson
is succeeded by James
Madison
●Madison was two-term
President 1808-1816
●Known as the “Father of
the Constitution, Madison
also is known for his
leadership during the War
of 1812
●
4th President 1808-1816
WAR OF 1812 – U.S. vs. BRITAIN
Causes: British “impressment”
(seizing Americans at sea and
drafting them into their navy)
upset Americans
●The War: 1814 – British sack
D.C. Burn White house
●Andrew Jackson leads great
victory in New Orleans
●Treaty of Ghent signed,
Christmas Eve, 1814
●
British Impressment of U.S.
seamen upset Americans
RESULTS OF WAR OF 1812
Results of the war
included:
●End of the Federalist
Party (opposed war)
●Encouraged industries
in U.S.
●Confirmed status of
U.S. as a strong, free,
and independent nation
Despite the burning of the President’s
mansion, the U.S. emerged strong
NATIONALISM SHAPES POLICY
James Monroe was elected
president in 1816
●Immediately, Nationalism
clearly established as key
concern of administration
●Treaty with Britain to jointly
occupy the Oregon Territory
●Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
secured Florida & southernmost areas of SE America
●
THE MONROE DOCTRINE
In the early 19th Century,
various European
countries hinted at
increased colonization
●In his 1823 address to
Congress, Monroe made
it clear to Europe: Don’t
interfere with Western
Hemisphere (Monroe
Doctrine)
●
What idea does this political cartoon convey?
Review Quiz:
The War of 1812 began because of impressment. What is this?
●Do you believe in the Monroe Doctrine? Why or why not?
●Who are the first 5 Presidents (in order)?
●
EC: Who wrote the National Anthem?
THE AGE OF JACKSON: SECTION 2
During a time of
growing Sectionalism,
Andrew Jackson’s
election in 1828,
ushered in a new era
of popular democracy
●
REGIONAL ECONOMIES CREATE
DIFFERENCES
The Northeast continued to
develop industry while the
South and West continued to
be more agricultural
●The Industrial Revolution
reached America by the earlymid 19th century
●New England first to embrace
factory system
●Especially in textile (fabric)
mills
●
SOUTH REMAINS AGRICULTURAL
Meanwhile, the South
continued to grow as an
agricultural power
●Eli Whitney’s invention of the
Cotton Gin (1793) made
producing cotton even more
profitable
●The South became a “Cotton
Kingdom”
●More labor was needed – 1790
= 700,000 slaves
1820 = 1,500,000 slaves
●
Cotton Gin quickly separated
cotton fiber from seeds
BALANCING NATIONALISM AND
SECTIONALISM
Economic differences created
political tension between North
& South
●As the regions moved apart,
politicians attempted to keep
nation together
●House Speaker Henry Clay’s
American Plan called for a
protective tariff, a National
Bank, and an improved
infrastructure to help travel
●
THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE
In 1818 settlers in Missouri
applied for statehood
●Northerners and Southerners
disagreed on whether Missouri
should be admitted as a “free”
state
●Henry Clay organized a
compromise in which Missouri
was “slave” but Maine would be
“free”
●Also Louisiana Territory split at
36 30’ north latitude
●
HENRY CLAY: THE GREAT
COMPROMISER
MISSOURI COMPROMISE 1820
ELECTION OF ANDREW JACKSON
Jackson, hero of the common man,
won election in 1828 in part because
the right to vote had been expanded
to more citizens
●In the 1824 election, won by John
Quincy Adams, 350,000 white males
voted
●In 1828, over 1,000,000 white males
voted
●Many of the new voters supported
the rugged westerner Jackson who
also won re-election in 1832
●
ANDREW JACKSON
IS ON THE $20 BILL
JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY
As part of his political philosophy,
Jackson sought to grant political
power to the common people
●Called The Spoils System or
Jacksonian Democracy, Jackson
hired his own supporters to
replace the previous
administration’s staff
●Jackson gave away many jobs to
his friends and political allies
●
INDIAN REMOVAL ACT - 1830
Congress, with Jackson’s support, passed the
Indian Removal Act in 1830
●Under this law, the federal government funded
treaties that forced tribes west
●The Cherokee Tribe in Georgia refused and were
supported by the Supreme Court
●Jackson refused to abide by the Court decision
●Jackson said, “John Marshall (Supreme Court
Chief Justice) has made his decision, now let him
enforce it.”
●Trail of Tears followed the Court ruling as U.S.
troops rounded up the Cherokee and drove them
west, mostly on foot. . .thousands died
●
INDIAN REMOVAL - 1830
TARIFF OF “ABOMINATION”
In 1824 and again in
1828, Congress increased
the Import Tariff of 1816
●Southerners called the
1828 Tariff, “a Tariff of
Abominations,” and
blamed it for economic
problems in the South
●
THE NORTH
TARIFFS
THE SOUTH
NULLIFICATION THREAT
In an attempt to free South
Carolina from the tariff, John
Calhoun (Jackson’s VP from
S.C.), developed the Theory of
Nullification
●He believed if a state found an
act of Congress to be
unconstitutional, it could
declare the law void within its
borders
●Tensions only relieved by a
Clay Compromise Tariff in 1833
●
JACKSON’S BANK WAR
Jackson opposed
National Bank so he
created Pet Banks – so
called because they were
favored by Jackson’s
Democrats
●Many felt Jackson was
acting more like a King
than a president
●In 1832, his opponents
formed a new party – the
Whigs
●
Whigs=
Opposed Jackson
●Supported the power of
Congress over the Executive
(President)
●Named after the American
Whigs of 1776, who fought
for independence, and
because "Whig" was then a
widely recognized label of
choice for people who saw
themselves as opposing
autocratic rule.
●
PANIC OF 1837
In 1836, Democrat Martin Van
Buren won the Presidency
●He inherited problems from the
“Bank Wars”
●Jackson’s Pet Banks printed
money without Gold backing
●In 1837 a panic set in and
many banks closed, accounts
went bankrupted, and
unemployment soared
●
MARTIN VAN BUREN 1837-1841
HARRISON & TYLER
Whig William Henry
Harrison defeated
Democrat Van Buren in
the election of 1840
●Harrison, known as
“Tippecanoe” for a battle
he won against natives,
died a month into his term
●His VP, John Tyler
became president
●
HARRISON
1841
TYLER 18411845
MANIFEST DESTINY: SECTION 3
In the 1840s Americans
became preoccupied with
expansion
●Many believed that their
movement westward was
predestined by God
●Manifest Destiny was the
belief that the U.S. would
expand “from sea to
shining sea”
●
UNITED STATES EXPANSION BY 1853 - MANIFEST DESTINY
FAMOUS TRAILS WEST
No highways existed, thus
wagon trails served as the
roads to the West
●Santa Fe Trail ran from
Independence, Missouri to
Santa Fe, New Mexico
●Oregon Trail stretched from
Independence to Oregon City,
Oregon
●Mormons especially utilized
the Oregon Trail on their way to
Salt Lake City
●
MEXICO CONTROLS TEXAS
After 300 years of Spanish
rule, Mexican settlers felt at
home in Texas territory
●Mexico won their
independence from Spain in
1821 and Texas was theirs
●Mexican officials offered land
to Americans to make the area
more stable
●Americans soon outnumbered
Mexicans in Texas – trouble
started
●
TEXAS INDEPENDENCE
Stephen Austin
established a colony of
Americans in Texas
●Conflicts intensified
between Mexicans and
Americans in Texas
●One issue was the slaves
many Americans had
brought with them
●Mexico had outlawed
slavery in 1829
●
REMEMBER THE ALAMO
Mexican President Santa Anna
was determined to force
Texans to obey Mexican law
●Santa Anna marched his
troops toward San Antonio – at
the same time Austin issued a
call to arms for all American
Texans
●American forces moved into a
mission known as the Alamo in
1836
●After 13 days the Mexican
troops scaled the walls and
slaughtered all 187 Americans
●
THE ALAMO IN SAN ANTONIO
MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR
1844 presidential election winner,
James Polk, eagerly wanted to
annex Texas as part of the U.S.
●Negotiations failed and U.S. troops
moved into Mexican territory in
1845
●America victories soon followed,
and in 1848 Mexican leader Santa
Anna conceded defeat
●Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was
signed – U.S. gets (larger) Texas,
New Mexico & California
●
MEXICAN PRESIDENT
SANTA ANNA
CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH
After gold was discovered at
Sutter’s Mill, migration to
California rose from 400 in
1848 to 44,000 in 1850
●Folks who rushed to San
Francisco in 1849 became
known as Forty-niners
●By 1857, the total amount of
gold mined in California
topped $2,000,000,000
●
THE MARKET REVOLUTION:
SECTION 4
The first half of the 19th
century in America,
brought vast changes to
technology,
transportation, and
production
●Known as the Market
Revolution, people
increasingly bought and
sold goods rather than
make them for themselves
●
A 19th century market
NEW INVENTIONS HELP ECONOMY
1837 – Samuel Morse invented
the Telegraph
●Railroads were becoming
faster and more numerous by
1830 surpassing canals as # 1
means of transport
●Robert Fulton invented the
Steamboat and by 1830, 200
were on the Mississippi
●John Deere’s Plow and Cyrus
McCormick’s Reaper improved
agriculture
●
By 1854, 23,000 miles of telegraph
wire crossed the country
WORKERS SEEK BETTER CONDITIONS
In 1834, Lowell,
Massachusetts textile workers
went on strike after their
wages were lowered – one
example of the dozens of
strikes in the U.S. in the 1830s
and 1840s
●Several industries formed the
National Trade Union in 1834
in hopes of bettering their
conditions
●
STRIKES AND
UNIONS
BECAME
MORE
NUMEROUS
AFTER 1830
Labor Strikes in the 1840’s
Why were they ineffective?
Workers were not well organized.
●
Workers had little public support.
●
Strikers could be easily replaced
(especially by immigrants)
●
REFORMING AMERICAN SOCIETY:
SECTION 5
The Second Great Awakening
spread Christianity through
revival meetings
●Another growing religious group
was the Unitarians who
emphasized reason as path to
perfection
●Ralph Waldo Emerson was a
Unitarian preacher who
developed Transcendentalism
(living an ideal spiritual state)
●These and other religions
became the impetus for
reforming society
●
RALPH WALDO EMERSON
THE ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT
1820s: Abolitionist
movement to free African
Americans from slavery
arose
●Leader was a white
radical named William
Lloyd Garrison
●Abolitionists called for
immediate emancipation
of all slaves
●
FREDERICK DOUGLASS: AFRICAN
AMERICAN LEADER
Freed slave, Frederick
Douglass escaped from
bondage and became an
eloquent abolitionist (critic of
slavery) leader
●He began an anti-slavery
newspaper called, Northstar
– named after the star that
guided runaway slaves to
freedom
●
TURNER’S REBELLION
The vast majority of AfricanAmericans were enslaved in
the South and were subjected
to constant degradation
●Some rebelled against their
condition
●Most famous revolt was led by
Virginia slave Nat Turner
●Turner led 50 followers in a
revolt killing 60 whites – he was
caught and executed
●
Turner plans his rebellion
WOMEN AND REFORM
From abolition to
education, women worked
actively in all reform
movements
●Throughout the 1800s
opportunity for women to
become educated
increased
●1833: Oberlin College
became first coed
institution
●
WOMEN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENT
EMERGES
Reform movements of the
19th century spurred the
development of a Women’s
movement
●For example, Elizabeth
Cady Stanton and Lucretia
Mott had both been ardent
abolitionists
●In 1848, more than 300
women participated in a
Women’s Right convention in
Seneca Falls, N.Y.
●
Two pioneers in women’s rights:
Elizabeth Cady Stanton (left) and
Susan B. Anthony