Transcript Chapter 25 Human Geography of South Asia A Region of …

Chapter 25
Human Geography of South Asia
A Region of Contrasts
Objective: Compare features
of Human Geography in the
Seven countries of South Asia
Chapter 25 Section 1
India
Vocabulary: Mughal Empire,
Raj, Nonviolent Resistance,
Land Reform, Green Revolution,
& Caste System
Objective: Define the nature of India’s
government & identify some of its
challenges
Invasions, Empires, & Independence
• Indian culture is a blend of
many different customs &
traditions
• Civilization began in the
Indus Valley around 2500
B.C.
• Aryans migrated into the area &
played a key role in the
development of Indian
civilization
• Persians & Greeks also occupied
the Indus Valley
• The Mauryan Empire united
most of India
• Muslims conquered the region
establishing the Mughal Empire
Invasions, Empires, & Independence
• The British East India
Company came to India to
obtain spices
• Britain established direct
rule over India (called
the raj)
• The British control lasted for
90 years
• Mohandas Gandhi began
a nonviolent resistance to
gain independence
• Pakistan & Bangladesh
decided to break away from
India due to religious
differences
Governing the World’s Largest Democracy
• India adopted a constitution
& became a democratic
republic in 1950
• However, like Britain they have a
parliamentary government with
the Prime Minister becoming the
head of the government
• Many different ethnic,
cultural, & religious factors
influence Indian politics
• India is mostly Hindu but they
have a Muslim minority
• However, they do solve
political conflicts peacefully
Economic Challenges
• 2/3’s of India’s people rely
on farming for their
livelihood
• Most farm families struggle to
survive
• Land Reform (distribution of
land) is a proposed solution to the
problem
• India is now a major
producer of iron & steel,
chemicals, machinery, &
food products
• Other cities like Bangalore are
becoming high-tech cities
Life in Modern India & Indian Culture
• Most Indians follow the custom of
arranged marriages (divorce is
rare)
• Indian families are large & very connected
• Most Indians ear vegetarian diets & limit
meat consumption because of religious
practices
• The government has placed a high
priority on improving public education
• Hindi is the official language but
English is still widely used
• 80% of the population practice
Hinduism
• They believe in reincarnation, karma, &
are polytheistic
• The caste system is used to place
people in social classes
Chapter 25 Section 2
Pakistan & Bangladesh
Vocabulary: Indus Valley
Civilization, Partition,
Kashmir, Microcredit,
Entrepreneur, & Ramadan
Objective: Analyze the economies
of the two countries
New Countries, Ancient Lands
• The Indus Valley Civilization
(modern-day Pakistan) began
around 2500 B.C.
• It had well-planned cities containing
brick buildings & sophisticated
sanitation
• The region later was controlled by
several different ethnic groups until
the arrival of the British
• Partition (division) of India came
after the end of British rule in
1947 with Muslims creating West
& East Pakistan
• Ethnic differences caused East
Pakistan to fight for
independence creating
Bangladesh
Struggling Economies
• Most farmers in Pakistan &
Bangladesh work small plots of
land & struggle to survive
• Pakistan is mostly arid which affect
agriculture
• Bangladesh is affected by seasonal
monsoons & cyclones
• Neither country is highly
industrialized but are trying to
improve their industries
• They have developed
microcredit to provide small
loans to entrepreneurs to start
their own businesses in hopes
to improve their economy
One Religion, Many People
• Islam has long played an
important role in Pakistan &
Bangladesh
• They observe Islamic customs
including daily prayer & Ramadan
(month-long period of fasting from
sunrise to sunset)
• Pakistan is stricter in
imposing Islamic law while
Bangladesh is less strict
• Pakistanis practice purdah (women
can’t have contact with men who
are not relatives)
• Pakistan is also more
ethnically diverse than
Bangladesh
Modern Life & Culture
• Like in India, Pakistan &
Bangladesh have arrange
marriages & large families
• Most people live in simple
homes but they do have
major cities that are crowded
• Poetry is a special interest in
both Pakistan & Bangladesh
• Poets are popular figures &
mushairas (poetry readings) draw
thousands of people
• Music & dance are also important
forms of expression in Bangladesh
& Pakistan
Chapter 25 Section 3
Nepal & Bhutan
Vocabulary: Constitutional
Monarchy, Sherpa,
Siddhartha Gautama, &
Mandala
Objective: Compare the aspects of
the economies of Nepal & Bhutan
Mountain Kingdoms
• The main geographic feature
of Nepal & Bhutan is their
mountainous landscape
• The rugged mountainous
landscape of Nepal &
Bhutan has isolated the
two countries throughout
their histories
• Nepal & Bhutan remained
independent & isolated
• Both Nepal & Bhutan are
constitutional
monarchies (rulers
power limited by a
constitution)
Developing Economies
• Nepal & Bhutan are poor countries
with economies based mainly on
agriculture
• Most of the land is not suitable for
cultivation
• Farmers practice terraced farming
to increase the amount of farmland
& limit soil loss
• The timber industry is very important to
both countries
• Most trade for both countries is
with India
• One of the fastest growing
industries in Nepal is tourism
• However, in Bhutan regulates the tourist
industries
Rich Cultural Traditions
• Various ethnic groups inhabit the
Himalayan region
• The Sherpas in Nepal are the high
Himalayas are the traditional
mountain guides of the Everest
region
• The main ethnic group in Bhutan is the
Bhote, who trace their origins to Tibet
• Buddhism has deep roots in Nepal
since its founder Siddhartha
Gautama was born there
• Buddhism is the official religion in
Bhutan
• Folk art & festivals are an important
feature of Himalayan culture
Chapter 25 Section 4
Sri Lanka & the Maldives
Vocabulary: Sinhalese,
Tamils, & Sultan
Objective: Summarize religious,
ethnic, & cultural life there
History of the Islands
• The Sinhalese migrated from India to
Sri Lanka, adopting Buddhism &
building a irrigation system
• The Tamils then migrated to Sri
Lanka, bringing a different culture
• Britain took control of the Island
until they gained independence
• Tensions continue between the
Sinhalese & Tamils in Sri Lanka
• The Maldives were settled by
Buddhist & Hindus until being
converted to Islam by Arab
traders
• In 1968, the Maldives declared itself a
republic
Life in the Islands
• Sri Lanka is a diverse mix of
ethnic & religious groups
with Sinhalese Buddhists
making up 75% of the
population
• 18% are Tamil Hindus & 7% are
Muslims
• Most people in Sri Lanka continue
to live in smaller towns & villages
• The population of the
Maldives are Sinhalese who
mixed with Arabs
• Art & literature are strongly
influenced by their religious
traditions
Economic Activity in the Islands
• Sri Lanka has an economy
based on agriculture by
producing rice, rubber, &
coconuts
• They are also a leading tea
producing country
• Maldives economy is
based on fishing &
tourism
• Warfare in Sri Lanka made
their tourist industry collapse