Transcript 幻灯片 1

Eco City: From Technical Eco to Social Eco
------Consideration on Sustainable Development of
Planning and Construction for Chinese Eco Cities
Prof./Dr. YANG Guiqing, WANG Zhen, ZHOU Mimi
Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R.China
2013.11.19
Contents
1 Back ground: the expectation of transformation development and
constructing eco-city for China’s current urbanization period
2 Brief introduction on planning and construction of Chinese current Eco City
3 Analysis of two different types eco-city construction practice cases
4 Further considerations on current Chinese Eco City construction
Key words
eco city, transformation development, social eco, sustainable development, China
1. Back ground: the expectation of transformation development and
constructing Eco city for Chinese current urbanization period
1.1 The concept of Eco-city
The United Nation MAB(Mankind And
Biosphere) Plan has a clear definition on Eco city.
It points out that an eco city should create a kind
of best environment for mankind activities, to
stimulate creation and productivity, to afford
high level living condition and method, which
combine technology and nature, not only in the
field of natural eco, but also in social psychology.
1.1 The concept of Eco-city
Beginning from opposing environmental pollution
and pursuing better natural environment, the
content of eco-city concept has explored deep and
wide, along with development of science and
technology and social and cultural recognition.
By summarizing academic research from 1980, the
Eco-city can be regarded as the harmonious of
economic, social, environmental and cultural
integration, is an intergrowth structure among
nature, urban and mankind.
1. Back ground: the expectation of transformation development and
constructing Eco city for Chinese current urbanization period
1.2 The expectation of constructing Eco City for China’s current urbanization
Today’s Chinese urbanization is in a
rapid process. In 2012, the rate of
Chinese urbanization is reaching
about 52%.
Looking back past 30 years, from
17.9% in the year of 1978 when
was the beginning of Chinese Open
Policy, it has been about 1% growth
each year. In the past 30 years,
Chinese urbanization has been
growing about 30%, creating about
10 million people move to urban,
that means the total urban
population increased about 0.3
billion during past 30 years.
100
90
U
r 80
b 70
R a
a n 60
t i
Urbanization
50
e z
Rate(%)
（
a 40
%
） t 30
i
o 20
n
英国
Britain
德国
German
美国 States
United
日本
Japan
中国
China
10
0
1,8001,8201,8401,8601,8801,9001,9201,9401,9601,9802,000
Year
1.2 The expectation of constructing Eco City for China’s current urbanization
90
80
70
60
城
市 50
化
率 40
%
30
英国
Britain
德国
German
美国 States
United
日本
Japan
中国
China
(
)
If keeping this speed,
assuming that the
urbanization rate will
reach to 80%, then, new
30% urbanization rate
will create another 0.4
billion people.
20
10
0
0
20
Urbanization
Rate(%)
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Year
单位（年）
Fig.2 The comparison of speed slope between China and developed
countries on the complete of 50% urbanization level
1.2 The expectation of constructing Eco City for China’s current urbanization
Here, we not only pay attention
to the urbanization rate, but also
more care about the time period
from 20% to 50%.
From figure, we could see that
UK used 88 years from 33% to
50%; Germany used 98 years,
American used 44 years, Japan
used 43 years. By comparing the
time for the developed countries
to reach the 50% urbanization
rate, China has just used 30 years
from 20.8% in 1982 to 50%
around 2012!
100
90
U
80
r
b 70
R a
a n 60
t i
Urbanization
50
e
Rate(%) z
（
a 40
%
） t
i 30
o
20
n
英国
Britain
德国
German
美国 States
United
Japan
日本
China
中国
10
0
1,8001,8201,8401,8601,8801,9001,9201,9401,9601,9802,000
Year
Fig.1 The comparison of urbanization rate between China and
developed countries by overall curves
1.2 The expectation of constructing Eco City for China’s current urbanization
During this period, Chinese urbanization slope is 1.02, that is 3.2 times higher than
Germany, and 1.6 times higher than American, and 1.4 times higher than Japan.
90
80
70
城 60
市
50
化
率 40
英
(
Britain
国
德
German
国
United
)
% 30
美
20
States
国
Japan
10
0
0
Urbanizatio
n Rate(%)
Table.1 The comparison of speed slope between China and developed
countries on the complete of 50% urbanization level
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
单位（年）
Year
China
1.2 The expectation of constructing Eco City for China’s current urbanization
Thus, the time of growth rate of Chinese urbanization
during this period, is much shorter than developed
countries. This is not only the inevitable reflection of
accumulation of Chinese industrialization, but also the
inevitable result of liberation of rural productivity after
Chinese Open Policy, and also the achievement of Top-down
development policy of improving urbanization.
However, such high speed and such short period, whether
it could bring negative influences as well as advantages?
1.2 The expectation of constructing Eco City for China’s current urbanization
About 0.3 billion rural labor force moving to various sizes
cities in such a short period, cause huge and various
pressures to social administrative for relevant cities.
These pressures include: shortage of affordable housing,
shortage of drinking water and other facilities supply,
difficulties accessibility to schools, medical care, and other
basic need of daily public services. These pressures also
cause the shortage of spatial environment supply, thus
urban life quality is heavily influenced and decreased.
1.2 The expectation of constructing Eco City for China’s current urbanization
At meantime, spatial environmental conflicts also cause relevant social
issues and conflicts, such as integration of living culture, identity
recognition, large gap between the rich and the poor, and safety issue.
Due to rapid urbanization process and fast accumulation of urban
population, the contradiction and conflicts among various social
stakeholders is hard to be digested and solved, thus the social eco balance
is broken, but new social order and balance have not been set up in time,
so, social contradiction may cause serious social conflicts.
1.2 The expectation of constructing Eco City for China’s current urbanization
the western developed countries has
experienced a relatively long time to
accomplish 50% urbanization rate,
thus they could have more chances to
exposure and overcome urban social
contradictions and conflicts.
90
80
70
60
城
市 50
化
率 40
(
英国
Britain
德国
German
美国
United
States
日本
Japan
中国
China
%
)
Some western developed countries
experience 200 years or even more to
reach the 80% urbanization rate, but
China will only spend 60 years. This
situation will undoubtedly cause huge
pressure to China’s urban planning,
construction and governance.
30
20
10
0
0
20
Urbanization
Rate(%)
40
60
80
100 120 140 160 180 200
单位（年）
Year
Fig.2 The comparison of speed slope between China and developed
countries on the complete of 50% urbanization level
1.2 The expectation of constructing Eco City for China’s current urbanization
China’s rapid urbanization development brings about fast increase of
speed and scale of Chinese urban construction, which cause big influence
to various resources (such as land use) and ecological environment.
Urban quality is seriously threatened by resources waste and
environment pollutions. Therefore, Chinese current urbanization has
great expectation for transformation development and eco city
construction.
2. Overview of Planning and Construction for Chinese Eco Cities
2.1 The Stages of Chinese Eco-city Development
The development of Chinese eco-city in general can be divided into three stages:
(1) Preparation stage(1986-2006)
Chinese eco- city construction started from the eco-city construction goal which
was proposed in Yichun Jiangxi Province 1986.
After that, led by the “National Garden City”, “China Habitat Environment
Prize”, “Pilot Ecological Garden City” and other relevant title of honor or
campaign, many cities carried out the construction practices in order to better
around the city space, the regulation of environmental health, etc. Although,
there is not the systematic eco-city construction index in this stage, it provides
the basis of theory and practice aspects and preparation for the following ecocity construction.
(2) Experimental stage(2007-2011)
China’s Ministry of Housing and
Urban-Rural Construction (MHURC)
comprehensively conducted “ecocity pilot” work covering a wider
range by the international
cooperation and a provincial,
ministry, a cooperation agreement.
These cities include "SinoSingapore Tianjin Eco-city",
"Tangshan bay eco-city", "Wuxi
Taihu New City“, etc. (urban area).
Table.2 The list of Chinese mainland currently approved
eco-cities scale（part of the table）
(3) Demonstration stage(2012 - present)
In order to further promote the
results of "eco-city pilot " work,
MOHURD Put forward the "interim
measures for low carbon ecological
pilot cities and towns to declare"
which set five basic conditions for
the pilot low-carbon eco-city.
In September 2012, in order to
further strengthen the support of
low-carbon ecological pilot cities
and towns, MHURC carried on the
integration for the original two
aspects work: "low-carbon pilot
town" and "green ecological city".
Table.2 The list of Chinese mainland currently approved
eco-cities scale（part of the table）
The development of Chinese eco-city in
general can be divided into three stages
The Geographical distribution of Chinese mainland
currently approved eco-cities
Table.2 The list of Chinese mainland
currently approved eco-cities scale
In March 2013, MHURC issued the “Twelfth Five-year" National Green Building
and Green Ecological City Development Plan.
The plan put forward to determine about 100 cities new districts and each one is
not less than 1.5 square kilometers which is in accordance with the standards of
"green eco-city" and adjust measures to local conditions for planning and
construction in the next five years. At the same time focus on existing building
energy efficiency renovation, promote the ecological renovation of the old town.
At the national level to establish the economic incentive policies, Set the
benchmark for subsidy funds of 50 million Yuan depending on the level of "green
eco-city" planning and construction, the construction scale and level of green
construction, capacity of building .
The overall goal of the development plan is: Through 5 years, Basic form the
economic incentive mechanism of the "green eco- city" development, gradually
improve technical standard system, constantly improve the innovation ability,
preliminary form industrial scale and demonstration role, basic implement the
target of the scientific transformation of urban and rural construction mode.
2. Overview of Planning and Construction for Chinese Eco Cities
2.2 Applying requirement of and evaluation standards of China’s eco-city construction
In order to guide experimental
eco-city construction, the
Ministry of Housing and Urban
Rural Construction (MHURC) in
China released relevant acts in
June 2011, named as
“Requirements for Applying
Low Carbon Eco Experimental
City (Town) ”(by MHURC),
pointing out 5 basic conditions
and necessary preparations .
Table.3 The relevant requirements of China low-carbon
declaration pilot eco-city (town) list (2011)
2. Overview of Planning and Construction for Chinese Eco Cities
2.2 Applying requirement of and evaluation standards of China’s eco-city construction
As important contents for eco-city construction, “Green”,
“Low Carbon” become key themes nowadays in China and
relevant evaluation indexes of construction have been
announced.
In September 2011, MHURC together with other Ministries
released “Evaluation Index on Green and Low Carbon
Construction for key Small Towns” .
This index includes 7 parts, which
expressed as:
•social and economic development
standards
•planning and construction and
management standards
•compact of land use
•preservation of resources
environment
•decrease of waste, energy saving,
facilities and parks
•public services level
•historical and cultural preservation
This 7 parts include 35 items, 62
indexes
Table.4 The list of China "Green carbon focus of
small towns Evaluation(Trail)"(2011)
2. Overview of Planning and Construction for Chinese Eco Cities
2.3 The overall features of China’s current eco-city construction
(1) the number of “eco-city” construction practice is increasing
By the end of 2012, there are about 230
cities (out of 287 big size cities) have
announced their eco-city construction
goal (Note 4), which has 80% in number.
During 1986- 2003, there were
approximately 10 cities to be in the name
list; after 2003, there were about 20-30
cities add. It reflects that both central
government and local governments pay
more attention to eco-city construction
from planning and construction policy.
(2) the types of construction eco-city practices are various
The main type of construction eco-city in
experimental period is new built model.
For example, “Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city”, is a
mainly new built city from planning to construction,
guided by the goal of “low carbon and eco”, base on
reformation of vacant salty land. It has advantages
of less limitation of land use, large development
opportunities and easy for implementation.
However, it has disadvantages of large amount
investment and high cost of construction.
Furthermore, during its construction process, ecocity will also be questioned by new residents and
relevant employment pressure. The eco
effectiveness will also be challenged by time.
(2) the types of construction eco-city practices are various
Another type of eco-city construction is
reconstructing exiting city with the eco idea. It
should base on the current land use and
characteristics of the exiting built urban
environment.
Through ways of eco technology, such as focus on
land use transformation and retreatment, energy
saving program, environmental adjustment, etc.
For example, the cities of Yanqing and Miyun in
Beijing region, they implement new energy
program, such as Sola energy, bio intelligent
energy, and wind electricity technology, according
their local climate and need, supported by relevant
national policy both in technology application and
revenue budget.
(2) the types of construction eco-city practices are various
It shows some good practices in the fields of ecorecovery, treatment of rubbish, circle industries.
However, some disadvantages show that the use
right of land, right of building properties, and
distributions of benefits after eco renewal, are
very complicated, thus add difficulties in process.
Eco-city also has its varieties in terms of different
sizes. Some eco-cities cover all urban area, but
some of them just cover in a certain urban
district.
(3) the standard of construction needs to be improved
By comparing the eco-city construction standards of developed countries in the
world, China’s current eco-city construction is still in the start period.
This is because of its developing stage of urbanization. According to top-down
model, the national GDP target will stimulate local governments to reach their
sub targets following traditional development model, which heavily rely on
expanding land use and cost of natural resources, less pay attention to eco
environment treatment and urban social diversity. In reality, local governments
still feel pressure to have a big investment to promote transformation in
economic growth.
Therefore, from a big view of point, some “eco-cities” are not real eco but only
an eco brand in China, the standards of building eco-city varieties from region
to region, from city to city, and need to be improved.
3. Analysis of two typical types of eco-city construction cases
3.1 Overall planning and construction
of ecological new town
Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city"
Location and Development Orientation
"Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city" is located
in Tianjin Seaside New Area of the
northern Chinese city, 45 km away from
Tianjin City center, 150 km away from
Beijing, Total land area of approximately
30 square kilometers, planning of resident
population of 350,000.
The Location
Development Orientation
technology innovation platform such as, ecological and
environmental protection, energy conservation and
emission reduction, green building; The national
exchange exhibition center for environmental
education research and development , ecological
industry base; the window for participating in the
international ecological environment development;
Ecological livable demonstration new town.
It was jointly initiated planning and construction by
China and Singapore governments in 2008. The topdown comprehensive overall planning and
construction of eco-city belongs to the pioneer
practice in China. It is designed to cope with global
climate change, saving energy resources, protect the
ecological environment.
The structure of land use planning
and construction
In "Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city"
overall planning of land use, Residential
land accounts for 40% of the total
construction land, Land for industry
accounted for 10%, Commercial land
accounted for 3%, Public green land
accounted for 18%. Per capita
construction land is no more than 75
square meters which is below the
national standard 100 ㎡/ per capita.
By 2013, "Sino-Singapore Tianjin eco-city"
finished 30 square kilometers land
appropriation and land leveling, and
initial region from 3 square kilometers to
expand in size to 8 square kilometers.
Fig.5 The overall Planning
The structure of land use planning
and construction
A green traffic system named as
“Green Corridor” has been planned
and being built that is mainly
include Light rail, clean energy to
public transport. The project has
been constructing total area of 6.09
million square meters.
An area of 2.07 million square
meters has been finished which
meet all the green building
standards and become the nation's
first green ecological demonstration
city.
Fig.5 The overall Planning
Ecological restoration and industrial development
In the process of construction, "Sino-Singapore
Tianjin Eco-city" accumulatively saline-alkali land
greening area of more than 300 square meters, By
industrial pollution for 40 years of 3 square
kilometers sewage reservoir into "clean lake".
Constructed five industrial park, such as the
National Animation Park, The National Park 3D
film, Information park, Science and Technology
Park.
Total registered enterprises are more than
thousand, Investment of more than 900 one
hundred million RMB Yuan. Preliminary formed
five industrial clusters: the cultural creativity,
information technology, energy conservation and
environmental protection, research and
development of science and technology, modern
service. According to the plan.
The explore of eco-city index system
established China's more complete and
measurable index system of eco-city in the
process of planning and construction.
The index system is divided into three major
categories, eight index layer, 22 measures of
controlling and four leading indicators.
Leading indicators aim to promote regional
integration by natural ecological
coordination, regional policy coordination,
social culture coordination and regional
economic coordination. The controlling
indicators, five indicators are the main
aspects for eco-city construction, which are
mainly related to the human settlements.
3. Analysis of two typical types of eco-city construction cases
3.2 Planning and building ecological demonstration zones in the city center area
Eco Tai Lake city in Wuxi
Location and Positioning
Eco Tai Lake city in Wuxi is an integral part
of Wuxi Tai Lake New City.
It is located south of the city of Wuxi, the
southward expansion of Wuxi, the major
spatial carrier of urban lake construction,
and the new city center of Wuxi.
The total Tai Lake New City planned area is
150 square kilometers, of which Eco Tai
Lake city in Wuxi (ecological
demonstration zones, also known as
China-Switzerland low-carbon eco-city)is
2.4 square kilometers.
Fig.7 The location of Eco Tai Lake city in Wuxi
Location and Positioning
Tai Lake New City began its construction in August
2009, and till 2020, it plan to have a resident
population of 80 million people and attracts
employed population of 500,000 people.
Its overall function is positioned as a business and
trade center, science and creation center, and leisure
livable center. Besides, it is the concentrated district
of Wuxi future business, finance, corporate
headquarters and professional services.
The planning and construction of ecological
demonstration area become the exemplary and
leading role with eco-city project in East China.
Fig.8 The functional partition structure of Eco Tai Lake
city in Wuxi
Fig.9 The General Plan of Eco Tai Lake city in Wuxi
The ecological construction practice of energy use
Indicators of ecological
planning require the
renewable energy
utilization rate to be or
over 8%(including the
average rate of built
area), and 15% for the
newly-constructed
buildings; also, new
building must perform
65% energy saving
standards.
The ecological construction practice of energy use
To promote the use of new technologies, it
use different forms of renewable energy
portfolio or regional energy form, which is
based on the nature of different building
requirements.
Besides, energy consumption should be
reduced from different aspects, energy
efficiency improved, and scientific and
rational use of the renewable energy can be
further explored through specific projects.
The ecological construction practice of water resources use
Water resources strategy is
made from five aspects, which
includes, from the aspect of
water saving, fresh water
demand should be reduced;
from water providing, the
utilization rate of nonconventional water resources
should be improved; from
sewage water, the treatment
rate should be improved; from
rain water, penetration rate
should also be improved aiming
at lowest impact; from water
quality, the new construction
area should be focused on, etc.
The ecological construction practice of waste treatment
Green consumption
should be
advocated, also,
waste generation
reduced, the reuse
of waste maximized.
To achieve 100% of
collection of
garbage separated,
100% garbage
recycled, and 100%
construction waste
recycled.
The ecological construction practice of waste treatment
It is planned that in 2020:
lot garbage output is about
0.7kg/day/person in the planning area;
waste generated by the project will be
source separated and collected. Also, it
is planned that in 2020, block
construction waste output is about
0.3kg/day/person, which will directly
access to material classification and
then recycle, where the mass
concrete, brick and other waster will
become renewable material after the
crushing.
4. Conclusion: further considerations on current China’s Eco City
construction
(1) Development of eco-city is an inevitable requirement for
transformation of development model in the particular stage of urban
development
Because of rapid urbanization in China, and will still has room to grow in the next 3050 years, the urban growth of number and size will mainly remain on the land, water
and industrial development which support employment.
the concept of ecological city and construction of ecological city have great
significance, and this is an inevitable requirement for transformation of development
model to China today’s urbanization.
(2) Construction of eco-city is a goal, but achieving it should be diverse
models
By looking at the ways and methods of constructing eco city in developed countries, ecocity construction has variety of exploration experience at the technical level. However,
successful experiences are based on relevant conditions and characteristics in different
nations and regions. Due to the difference of economic levels, urban population and
social and cultural varieties, therefore, some suitable experiences from developed
countries are not necessarily suitable for China’s development. For example, in
construction costs, the eco-city should not be “expensive”, but should be emphasized “fit”
technology paths, to avoid the “expensive ecology”, and to promote “ecological wisdom”.
Eco-city construction strategies should based on different stages of economic
development of city, different geographical conditions and different city sizes.
Constructing eco-city should be regarded as a goal, thus, the approaches of realizing the
goal could be diverse. China’s current eco-city construction, should sum up relevant
experience and learn lessons timely, and to explore suitable construction ways and multimodels.
(3) Construction of eco-city is a goal, but achieving it should be multiple
ways
From the whole process and period of urban development, the effect and benefit of
applying eco technology need relatively a long term. Furthermore, some ecotechnological projects in small scale locations, still needs time to examine their effect and
impact for the whole eco-city construction. From concept to principles, to policy and
practice countermeasures, eco-city construction needs top-down overall design and detail
systematical considerations, especially needs relevant building code and standard, and
should be applied in construction of projects.
Therefore, construction of eco-city is a relatively long process, it needs policy support
during whole period.
(4) Eco-city is not only a physical level, but also the social dimension
Eco-city is not only in physical level, but also is a social dimension. Besides continuing to
explore suitable eco technology, China’s eco-city construction should also pay much
attention to social eco and to have real actions on social considerations. Especially under
the background of today’s rapid urbanization period, urban population employment,
living condition for low income level families and equal accessibility to basic public
facilities and services, equity of development opportunities for all social group levels, and
integration of urban and social diversity, should be considered within policy making to
guide practices. These issues are important contents for social integrated development
and to reflect eco wisdom.
It is a new era of eco-city construction from technical eco to social eco. To realize this
transformation will be the key issue for eco-city sustainable development, and will be the
real and final aim and value of eco-city construction.
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