Transcript METAR/TAF - Aviation Human Factors

SOUTHERN REGION
METAR/TAF
BRIEFING
SPRING 1996
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An Introduction to the
ICAO Format
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ICAO Weather
 OBJECTIVE
– Interpret and disseminate ICAO weather
products.
 MOTIVATION
– US will comply with ICAO procedures
by July 1, 1996.
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ICAO Weather
 METAR
– Aviation Routine Weather report
 SPECI
– Special Aviation Weather report
 TAF
– Terminal Forecast
 TAF AMD
– Amended Terminal Forecast
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Routine Aviation Weather
Report (METAR)
MIA SA 1856 AO2A CLR BLO 120 10+
118/32/21/0807/997
METAR KMIA 231856Z AUTO 08007KT
10SM CLR 12/M04 A2997 RMK AO2
SLP118
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Meteorological
Aerodrome
Report
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ORDER OF ENTRY
SURFACE ANALYSIS
LOCID / RPT TYPE / OBS TYPE / TIME / AUTO /
SKY COND / VSBY / SIG WX / RSTN TO VSBY /
SLP / TEMP / DEW PT / WIND / ALSTG/ RMKS
METAR
RPT TYPE / LOCID / TIME / AUTO / SFC WIND /
VSBY / RVR / SIG WX / RSTN TO VSBY / SKY
COND / TEMP / DEW PT / ALSTG / RMKS
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METAR
METAR KMIA 231856Z AUTO 08007KT
10SM CLR 32/21 A2997 RMK AO2
 TYPE
OF REPORT
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METAR
METAR KMIA 231856Z AUTO 08007KT
10SM CLR 32/21 A2997 RMK AO2
 LOCATION
in FOUR LETTERS
– KDEN, PAFA, PHNL, CYYC, MMMX
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METAR
METAR KMIA 231856Z AUTO 08007KT
10SM CLR 32/21 A2997 RMK AO2
 DATE/TIME
group in UTC
– Observation between H+50 & 00
– International on the hour - 231900Z
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METAR
METAR KMIA 231856Z AUTO 08007KT
10SM CLR 32/21 A2997 RMK AO2
 AUTOMATED
Weather Observations
– Fully automated, no human intervention
– AUTO removed when an observer is
present
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METAR
METAR KMIA 231856Z COR 08007KT
10SM CLR 32/21 A2997 RMK AO2
 CORRECTION
– Canada - CCA,
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METAR
METAR KMIA 231856Z AUTO 08007KT
10SM CLR 32/21 A2997 RMK AO2
 SURFACE WIND
– Direction in Three Digits
– Speed in Two or Three Digits plus Gusts
00000KT VRB06KT 33012MPS
18032KPH 24015G25KT 200V270
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METAR
METAR KMIA 231856Z AUTO 08007KT
10SM CLR 32/21 A2997 RMK AO2
 VISIBILITY
– 20SM
– M1/4SM
– 7000
– 15KM
Statute Miles
AUTO only
Meters
Kilometers
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METAR
METAR KJFK 231856Z AUTO 16007KT
1/4SM R21/1600FT +SN BKN045
M06/M10 A2982 RMK AO2
 RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE
– R21/
Runway, plus L, C, or R
– 1600FT
Visibility, M0600FT/P6000FT
– R10L/1600V2000FT
Variability
– Canada
1600/D, 1600/U, 1600/N
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METAR
METAR KMIA 231856Z AUTO 08007KT
5SM -SHRA BKN045 32/21 A2997
RMK AO2
 SIGNIFICANT
WEATHER
– Present at the station or in the
vicinity
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QUALIFIER
Intensity

-
none

+
Light
Moderate
Heavy
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QUALIFIER
Proximity
VC
Vicinity
– Within 5 to 10SM of station, except
precipitation is 0 to 10SM.
– VCTS
VCSH
– VCFG
VCPO
– VCBLSN
VCDS
– VCBLDU
VCSS
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QUALIFIER
Descriptor
MIFG BCFG PRFG
BLDU SHRA DRSN FZDZ
TSGR VCTS VCSH
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QUALIFIER
Descriptor
 MI
– MIFG
 BC
– BCFG
 PR
– PRFG
Shallow (mince)
Patches (banc)
Partial
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QUALIFIER
Descriptor
 SH
Showers
– SHRA, SHSN, SHPE, SHGR, SHGS
 DR
Low Drifting
– DRSN, DRDU, DRSA
 TS
Thunderstorm
– TS, TSRA, TSGR, TSRASNGR
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QUALIFIER
Descriptor
 FZ
Freezing
– FZRA, FZDZ, FZFG
 BL
Blowing
– BLSN, BLSA, BLPY, BLDU
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WEATHER PHENOMENA
Precipitation
 DZ
 RA
 SN
 SG
 IC
Drizzle
Rain
Snow
Snow Grains
Ice Crystals
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WEATHER PHENOMENA
Precipitation
 PE
 GR
 GS
 UP
Ice Pellets
Hail (grele) (>1/4IN)
Small Hail (gresil) or
Snow Pellets (<1/4IN)
Unknown Precipitation
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WEATHER PHENOMENA
Obstructions to Visibility
 BR
 FG
 FU
 VA
Mist (brume) (VIS 5/8 - 6)
Fog (VIS <5/8)
Smoke (fumee)
Volcanic Ash
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WEATHER PHENOMENA
Restrictions to Visibility
 SA
 HZ
 PY
 DU
Sand
Haze
Spray
Dust
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WEATHER PHENOMENA
Other
 SQ
Squalls (Sudden increase at
least 16 kts, at 22 kts or more lasting
at least 1 min.)
 SS/+SS
Sandstorm
 DS/+DS
Duststorm
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WEATHER PHENOMENA
Other
 PO
 FC
 +FC
Dust / Sand Whirls
Funnel Cloud
Tornado or Waterspout
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WEATHER PHENOMENA
Examples
 MIFG
Shallow Fog
 BLSA
Blowing Sand
 VCTS
Thunderstorm in the
Vicinity
 FZDZ
Freezing Drizzle
 -RASN
Light Rain & Snow
+FC +TSRASNGR BLSN
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METAR
METAR KMIA 231856Z AUTO 08007KT
10SM CLR 32/21 A2997 RMK AO2
 SKY
CONDITION
– Automated report - CLR BLO 120
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METAR
METAR KMIA 231856Z AUTO 08007KT
10SM BKN035 32/21 A2997 RMK
AO2
 SKY CONDITION
– Cloud bases in 3 digits, 001, 011, 110
– Sky cover in OKTAs (eighths)
– No ceiling designator, first BKN or OVC
layer aloft is the ceiling
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SKY CONDITION
 SKC
or CLR Clear
 FEW015
Few >0 - <2/8
 SCT029
Scattered 3/8 - 4/8
 BKN045
Broken 5/8 - 7/8
 OVC110
Overcast 8/8
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SKY CONDITION
 BKN060TCU
 OVC090CB
 VV004
Towering Cumulus
Cumulonimbus
Vertical Visibility
–Indefinite ceiling 400
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SKY CONDITION
Partial Obscurations
 FEW000
>0 to 2/8 sky obscured
– Few clouds less than five zero
 SCT000
3/8 to 4/8 sky obscured
– Scattered clouds less than five zero
 BKN000
5/8 to 7/8 sky obscured
– Broken clouds less than five zero
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SKY CONDITION
Partial Obscurations
 4SM
BR BKN000 (RMK BR BKN000)
– Visibility four, mist (fog), sky partially
obscured five to seven eighths of the
sky obscured by clouds
 1/2SM
SN FG BKN000 BKN007
– Visibility one-half, snow, fog, sky
partially obscured five to seven eights
of the sky obscured by clouds, ceiling
seven hundred broken
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METAR
METAR KATL 231856Z AUTO 16007KT
10SM CLR 12/M04 A2982 RMK AO2
 TEMPERATURE / DEW POINT
– in Celsius
M for Minus
– 3 Degree spread for saturation
– If temperature missing, group is omitted
– If dew point missing, only temp shown
32/
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METAR
METAR KATL 231856Z AUTO 16007KT
10SM CLR 12/M04 A2982 RMK AO2
 ALTIMETER
– A2982
– Q1013
SETTING
Inches of Mercury
hectoPascals (Millibars)
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METAR
METAR KMIA 231856Z AUTO 29007KT
10SM CLR 32/21 A2997 RMK AO2
WSHFT 1834 $
 REMARKS
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REMARKS
 VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
 TORNADIC ACTIVITY
– TORNADO, FUNNEL CLOUD,
WATERSPOUT
 TYPE
OF AUTOMATED STATION
– AO1, AO2
 PEAK
WIND
– PK WND 20032/25
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REMARKS
 WIND
SHIFT
– WSHFT 15
 TOWER
OR SURFACE VISIBILITY
– TWR VIS 2
– SFC VIS 2 1/2
 VARIABLE
PREVAILING VISIBILITY
– VIS 3/4V1 1/2
 SECTOR
VISIBILITY
– VIS N 2
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REMARKS
 VISIBILITY AT
2ND SITE
– VIS 3/4 RY11
 LIGHTNING
– FRQ LTGCC NE, CONS LTGCG SW
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REMARKS
 DSNT
– Distant, 10 to 30 miles from station
 OCNL
– Occasional
 FRQ
– Frequent
 CONS
– Continuous
 OHD
– Overhead
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REMARKS
 BEGINNING
AND ENDING
– TSB20E44, RAE50, SNB1254E41
 THUNDERSTORM
LOCATION
– TS OHD MOV N, TS DSNT S MOV N
 HAILSTONE
SIZE
– GR 1 3/4
 VIRGA
– VIRGA SW
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REMARKS
 VARIABLE
CEILING HEIGHT
– CIG 013V017
 OBSCURATIONS
– FG FEW000, VA SCT000, FU BKN020
 VARIABLE
SKY CONDITION
– SCT V BKN, BKN025 V OVC
 SIGNIFICANT
CLOUDS
– CB W MOV E, TCU OHD, ACSL W
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REMARKS
 CEILING
AT 2ND SITE
– CIG 020 RY11
 PRESSURE
RISING/FALLING
RAPIDLY
– PRESRR, PRESFR
 SEA-LEVEL
PRESSURE
– SLP145, SLPNO
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REMARKS
 AIRCRAFT
MISHAP
– (ACFT MSHP)
 NO
SPECIAL AVAILABLE
– NOSPECI
 SNOW
INCREASING RAPIDLY
– SNICR 3/17
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REMARKS
Examples
TS NE MOV E
DARK NW
BR SCT000
FU BKN020
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REMARKS
Examples
TORNADO
SCT V BKN
BKN014 V OVC
LAST
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Example
METAR KATL 221451Z 00000KT
25SM OVC030 05/03 A3018 RMK
SLP145
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Example
METAR KATL 221456Z AUTO
33009KT 5SM -RA BR BKN012
OVC023 08/07 A3009 RMK AO2
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Example
METAR KBOS 221456Z AUTO
08024KT 3/8SM +SN FG BLSN
VV003 M10/ A3011 RMK AO2
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Example
METAR KORD 221352Z VRB04KT
1SM R3/5200FT FZFG BKN000
BKN009 M05/M05 A3018 RMK
AO2 FZFG BKN000 VIS 3/4V1 1/4
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Some More Examples
METAR VHHH 241500Z 00000KT 4000 DZ SCT005 15/15 Q1027
METAR NZAA 241500Z 14005KT 25KM
SCT034 11/08 Q1017.5
METAR VVTS 241500Z 16003MPS 8000
-SHRA SCT015 SCT017 29/25 Q1008
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Special
Aerodrome
Report
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SPECI
SPECI KTYS 221236Z 32009KT 5SM
RA BR SCT015 OVC027 20/18 A2979
RMK AO2 MTNS OBSCD ALQDS
SPECIAL OBSERVATIONS
– between H+00 and H+50
– Aircraft Mishap (not transmitted)
– Significant Weather Change
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A Few More Examples
SPECI KBNA 221536Z AUTO 01013KT
10SM -RA BKN014 OVC025 06/03
A3004 RMK AO2 SLP164
SPECI KMEM 221513Z AUTO 00000KT
10SM BKN018 BKN024 OVC033 10/06
A3013 RMK AO2 CIG 017V019
SPECI KMCN 221609Z AUTO 02005KT
7SM -RA OVC016 08/07 A3009 RMK
AO2
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Aerodrome
Forecast
(TAF)
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TAF
 The
expected meteorological
conditions significant to aviation at
an airport during the specified time.
 Airport defined as the area within a
5sm radius of the center of the
airport layout plan (ALP).
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ORDER OF ENTRY
TAF
LOCID / ISSUE TIME / VALID TIME / WIND /
VSBY / SIG WX / SKY COND / WS
FT
LOCI / VALID TIME / FROPA / SKY COND /
VSBY / WX + OBVIS / WIND / RMKS
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TAF
TAF
KATL 091720Z 091818 22020KT 3SM
-SHRA BKN020TCU BECMG 2023
30015G25KT 3SM SHRA OVC015
PROB40 2022 1/2SM TSRA
OVC008CB
FM2300 27008KT 5SM -SHRA BKN020
OVC040 TEMPO 0407 00000KT 1SM
SHRA
FM1000 22010KT 5SM -SHRA OVC020
BECMG 1315 P6SM NSW SKC=
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TAF
 091720Z
DATE/TIME GROUP
– When forecast was produced
 091818
VALID DATE/TIME
– 24-hour forecast at 00Z, 06Z, 12Z, 18Z
– All forecast elements, no
PROB40/PROB30 in first 6 hours
 FM
2000
TIME DIVIDER
– From 2000Z, a rapid change, <1 hr
– All forecast elements
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TAF
 BECMG
1315
CHG INDICATOR
– Becoming between 1300 and 1500Z
– Gradual change - 2 hours
 TEMPO
0407
CHG INDICATOR
– Temporarily between 0400 and 0700Z
– Occurs only within time group
– Each occurence less than 1 hour
– Sum of occurences less than 1/2 time
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TAF
 PROB30
2024/PROB40 2123
– Probability of 30-39% between 2000 and
2400Z of precip or TS/Probability of 4049% between 2100 and 2300Z
 P6SM
– Visibility Plus 6SM, 9999 in Meters
 NSW
– No Significant Weather
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TAF

TAF
KSRQ NIL UNTIL 14Z

– No forecast until a given time
TAF
KGNV NIL AMD AFT 04Z
– No amendments after a given time
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TAF
 FORECAST
CONDITIONS
– Wind
– Visibility
– Weather
– Sky Condition
– Optional Data
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TAF
 WIND
– 00000KT
3KT or less
– VRB04
Too light to forecast
– VRB25G45KT Forecast TS
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TAF
 VISIBILITY
– P6SM
No obstructions to
visibility except VA
 WEATHER
– VCFG
Vis <3sm
– VCSH
No qualifiers
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TAF
 WEATHER
– NSW
not used in predominate
groups (1st period and FR)
– NSW
no precip or obstruction
to visibility
– NSW
does not exclude wx
advisories or cloud layers
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TAF
 SKY
CONDITIONS
– CB
Only cloud type in TAF
 OPTIONAL WS010/18040KT
– Low Level Wind Shear - Surface to
2000 feet AGL
– Non-convective
– WS010
Wind shear bases at
1000 feet
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Example
TAF
KATL 091720Z 091818 08014KT 5SM BR
OVC008 TEMPO 1819 2SM TSRA
OVC005CB BECMG 1920 OVC010 TEMPO
1922 2SM -SHRA BR OVC006 BECMG 2123
08019KT P6SM NSW
FM 0300 06005KT 3SM BR BKN000
OVC008 TEMPO 0307 1SM BR VV006
BECMG 0607 03015KT 5SM BR OVC015=
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Another Example
TAF AMD
KSDF 091819Z 091918 17009KT P6SM
SCT100 TEMPO 0005 OVC040CB PROB40
0005 3SM TSRA BR
FM 0400 18010KT P6SM SCT015 OVC040
TEMPO 0510 3SM TSRA BR OVC015CB
FM 0900 15011KT 3SM -SHRA BR SCT008
OVC012 TEMPO 1017 2SM TSRA BR
OVC008CB=
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Just Another Example
TAF
KMSY 101120Z 101212 18012KT 5SM
SHRA SCT007CB BKN025 TEMPO 1822
18017G35KT 1SM +TSRA BR BKN007CB
FM 2100 17012KT P6SM SCT015 BKN030
TEMPO 2223 2SM TSRA
FM 2300 18007KT OVC025 PROB40 0007
4SM -TSRA
FM 0600 19006KT 5SM BR BKN015
PROB040 0710 -TSRA BECMG 0910
00000KT 3SM BR=
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Still Another Example
TAF
KMEM 150523Z 150606 18012KT 5SM
SHRA SCT007 BKN025 TEMPO 1115
18017G35KT 1SM +TSRA BR BKN007CB
FM 1500 17012KT P6SM SCT015 BKN030
TEMPO 1923 2SM TSRA
FM 2300 18007KT OVC025 PROB30 0004
4SM -TSRA
FM 0400 19006KT 5SM BR BKN015
NIL AMD AFT 03Z
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Any
Questions?
OK, then I have a few!
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RESPONSE ITEM
An aviation routine weather report is
called a _________________.
a. METAR
b. TAF
c. SPECI
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RESPONSE ITEM
An aviation routine weather report is
called a _________________.
a. METAR
b. TAF
c. SPECI
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RESPONSE ITEM
METAR KTYS 1452 00000KT 10SM
SCT015 BKN032 OVC040 06/03
A3003 RMK MTNS OBSCD
The ceiling at TYS is ________ ft.
A. 1500
B. 3200
C. 4000
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RESPONSE ITEM
METAR KTYS 1452 00000KT 10SM
SCT015 BKN032 OVC040 06/03
A3003 RMK MTNS OBSCD
The ceiling at TYS is ________ ft.
A. 1500
B. 3200
C. 4000
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RESPONSE ITEM
METAR KDEN 1849Z 32018G22 10SM
BKN020 09/05 A2956 RMK AO2 BKN
V SCT
The temperature at Denver is about
________ degrees F.
A. 41
B. 48
C. 57
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RESPONSE ITEM
METAR KDEN 1849Z 32018G22 10SM
BKN020 09/05 A2956 RMK AO2 BKN
V SCT
The temperature at Denver is about
_________ degrees F.
A. 41
B. 48
C. 57
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RESPONSE ITEM
SPECI KMCN 2034Z 13009KT 5SM -RA
BR SCT009 BKN015 OVC070 A2972
RMK RB15
What type of report is this?
A. Aviation routine weather report.
B. Aerodrome forecast.
C. Special aviation weather report.
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RESPONSE ITEM
SPECI KMCN 2034Z 13009KT 5SM -RA
BR SCT009 BKN015 OVC070 A2972
RMK RB15
What type of report is this?
A. Aviation routine weather report.
B. Aerodrome forecast.
C. Special aviation weather report.
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RESPONSE ITEM
SPECI KMCN 2034Z 13009KT 5SM
-RA BR SCT009 BKN015 OVC070
A2972 RMK RB15
The restriction to visibility at MACON
is ______________.
A. mist
B. brief rain
C. light rain
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RESPONSE ITEM
SPECI KMCN 2034Z 13009KT 5SM
-RA BR SCT009 BKN015 OVC070
A2972 RMK RB15
The restriction to visibility at MACON
is ______________.
A. mist
B. brief rain
C. light rain
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RESPONSE ITEM
The contraction for “smog” is
_________.
A. FK
B. FG SK
C. FG FU
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RESPONSE ITEM
The contraction for “smog” is
_________.
A. FK
B. FG SK
C. FG FU
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QUESTION
SPECI KGPT 1212Z 22012G20 1/4SM
+TSRAGR OVC003CB A2969 RMK TS
OVHD MOV NE
What weather phenomena is
occurring?
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ANSWER
SPECI KGPT 1212Z 22012G20 1/4SM
+TSRAGR OVC003CB A2969 RMK TS
OVHD MOV NE
What weather phenomena is
occurring?
Thunderstorm, heavy rain, hail.
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RESPONSE ITEM
The contraction for Ice Pellets is
_______.
A. PE
B. IC
C. PO
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RESPONSE ITEM
The contraction for Ice Pellets is
_______.
1. PE
2. IC
3. PO
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QUESTION
TAF
KATL 241115Z 1212 14007KT 1SM BR
SCT030
FM 1815 150015KT 5/8SM BR TEMPO
1922 1/4SM FG BKN002
What is forecast at Atlanta after 2300Z?
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ANSWER
TAF
KATL 241115Z 241212 14007KT 1SM
BR SCT030
FM 1815 150015KT 5/8SM BR TEMPO
1922 1/4SM FG BKN002
Wind 150 at 15, visibility 5/8 fog,
occasionally between 1900 and 2200
1/4 fog,ceiling 200 BKN.
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QUESTION
TAF
KGNV 221723Z 221818 11008KT P6SM
SCT023 SCT300
FM 2200 12006KT 4SM BR BKN023
OVC100 TEMPO 0312 15008G18KT
P6SM SCT022 BKN100
What is forecast at Gainsville between
18-20Z?
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ANSWER
TAF
KGNV 221723Z 221818 11008KT P6SM
SCT023 SCT300
FM 2200 12006KT 4SM BR BKN023
OVC100 TEMPO 0312 15008G18KT
P6SM SCT022 BKN100
Wind 110 at 8, visibility greater than 6,
2300 SCT 30000 sct.
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QUESTION
1/2SM FC -TSRAGR BLDU
What in the world is that?
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ANSWER
1/2SM FC -TSRAGR BLDU
 Visibility
1/2
 Funnel Cloud
 Thunderstorm
 Light Rain
 Hail
 Blowing Dust
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Summary
 METAR
– Aviation Routine Weather report
 SPECI
– Special Aviation Weather report
 TAF
– Aerodrome Forecast
 TAF AMD
– Amended Aerodrome Forecast
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ICAO Weather
 OBJECTIVE
– Interpret and disseminate ICAO weather
products.
 MOTIVATION
– US will comply with ICAO procedures
by July 1, 1996.
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One more Response Item
Oh, no!
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RESPONSE ITEM
The first slide in this presentation
showed ___________________.
1. a star
2. an airplane
3. SOUTHERN REGION
4. all of the above
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FAA
SOUTHERN REGION
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Thank you very much !
Your comments are welcome.
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The End
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