Transcript No Slide Title

THE PROCESS BY WHICH PEOPLE ACT AND
REACT IN RELATION TO OTHERS
HOW MANY OF YOU LIKE THINGS STRUCTURED? WHY?
• HUMANS RELY ON SOCIAL STRUCTURE
TO MAKE SENSE OUT OF SITUATIONS
– SOCIAL STRUCTURE
• RELATIVE STABLE PATTERNS OF SOCIAL
BEHAVIOR
• THESE PATTERNS MAKE THE SOCIAL WORLD
UNDERSTANDABLE AND HELP GUIDE SOCIAL
BEHAVIOR
– LET’S BREAK THESE PATTERNS DOWN...
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• COMPLETE ISOLATION FOR 6
MONTHS
– PASSIVE, ANXIOUS, FEARFUL
WHEN RETURNED
• PROVIDED A ARTIFICIAL
MOTHER
– EMOTIONALLY
DAMAGEDWHEN RETURNED
• PROVIDED ARTIFICIAL
MONKEY COVERED IN
CLOTH (CLUNG TO MOTHER)
– SHOWED LITTLE
EMOTIONAL DISTRESS
– ADULTS MUST ALSO CRADLE
CHILDREN SO THEY
DEVELOP EMOTIONALLY
• IF OTHER MONKEYS
AROUND, ABSENCE OF THE
MOTHER WAS NOT SEVERE
– LACK OF SOCIAL
EXPERIENCE, RATHER
THAN THE ABSENCE OF
THE PARENT WAS
EMOTIONALLY
DAMAGING
• SHORTER PERIODS OF
SOCIAL ISOLATION
CAUSED ONLY
TEMPORARY DISTRESS
– LONG-TERM ISOLATION
CAUSES IRREVERSIBLE
EMOTIONAL AND
BEHAVIORAL DAMAGE
Psychologist John B. Watson
• BEHAVIORISM:
– BEHAVIOR IS NOT INSTINCTIVE BUT
LEARNED
• PEOPLE ARE EQUALLY HUMAN, DIFFERING ONLY
IN THEIR CULTURAL PATTERNS
– HUMAN BEHAVIOR IS ROOTED IN NURTURE
NOT NATURE
• REALIZING INHERITED POTENTIAL DEPENDS ON
HAVING AN OPPORTUNITY TO DEVELOP IT
– A CHILD’S BRAIN MUST BE STIMULATED
EARLY IN LIFE OR IT DOES NOT FULLY
DEVELOP
• NURTURE IS OUR NATURE
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL ISOLATION ON CHILDREN
NATURE OR NURTURE
• BORN TO AN UNMARRIED AND
• BORN TO A DEAF-MUTE
MENTALLY IMPAIRED WOMAN
MOTHER THAT SPENT
WHO LIVED WITH HER FATHER
TIME WITH HER IN A
DARK ROOM
• LOCKED HER DAUGHTER AWAY
FOR 5 YEARS IN A STORAGE
• LOCKED AWAY FOR 6
ROOM WITH HER HANDS TIED
YEARS BUT THE
MOTHER WAS
• ANNA HAD NO SOCIAL
ETHNOMETHODOLOGY
PHYSICALLY WITH HER
EXPERIENCE FOR 5 YEARS
• PSYCHOLOGISTS HAD
– NO THOUGHTS, EMOTIONS, OR
MEANINGFUL BEHAVIOR HAD
HER TRYING TO TALK IN
DEVELOPED (NO PERSONALITY)
A WEEK AND 1 1/2 YEARS
LATER HAD A VOCAB OF
• AT AGE EIGHT HER MENTAL
2000 WORDS
AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
WAS LESS THAN A 2 YEAR OLD
– LEARNED IN TWO
– AT 10 SHE USED WORDS BUT
THEN DIED
• SOCIAL ISOLATION LEFT HER
PERMANENTLY DAMAGED
YEARS WHAT MOST
LEARN IN SIX
– BY 14 SHE WAS IN THE
6TH GRADE
SOCIAL EXPERIENCE IS CRUCIAL IN
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
• GIRL LOCKED AWAY AT 2 AND DISCOVERED AT
THE AGE OF 13
– TIED NAKED TO A POTTY CHAIR IN A DARK GARAGE
– AT NIGHT PLACED IN A STRAITJACKET
• SHE COULD NOT WALK, CHEW FOOD, SPEAK,
OR CONTROL HER BLADDER
– HAD THE MENTAL DEVELOPMENT OF A 1 YEAR OLD
• TODAY, SHE ONLY HAS THE LANGUAGE
ABILITY OF A YOUNG CHILD
A RECOGNIZED SOCIAL POSITION THAT
AN INDIVIDUAL OCCUPIES
CAN BE THOUGHT OF AS A LABEL
• EVERY STATUS INVOLVES
PARTICULAR DUTIES,
RIGHTS AND
EXPECTATIONS
• STATUSES CONNECT US
TO OTHERS
• IN SHORT, A STATUS
DEFINES WHO AND WHAT
WE ARE IN RELATION TO
OTHERS
ALL THE STATUSES A PERSON HOLDS AT A GIVEN TIME
• JOINING AN
ORGANIZATION OR
QUITTING AN
ORGANIZATION ADDS
OR DELETES TO OUR
STATUS SET
• EXAMPLES:
–
–
–
–
–
MOTHER
BUSINESS WOMEN
SISTER
DAUGHTER
WIFE
STATUS/ROLE ACTIVITY
HOW STATUSES ARE OBTAINED
• TYPE OF STATUS
– ASCRIBED: INVOLUNTARY POSITIONS
RECEIVED AT BIRTH OR ASSUMED
INVOLUNTARILY LATER IN LIFE
– GENDER AND EVEN RELIGION
– ACHIEVED: VOLUNTARY POSITIONS
THAT REFLECT PERSONAL ABILITY AND
EFFORT
– DROP OUT, UNEMPLOYMENT, DOCTOR
• OFTEN THE TWO TYPES WORK
TOGETHER. WHAT WE ARE ASCRIBED
OFTEN HELPS US ACHIEVE OTHER
STATUSES
• EXAMPLE: HOW MIGHT A HIGH (OR
LOW) ECONOMIC STATUS HELP PEOPLE
“ACHIEVE” OTHER STATUSES AS THEY
GO THROUGH LIFE?
– DOCTOR, KENNEDY, PRESIDENT
HEY! I WORKED
HARD TO ACHIEVE
THIS STATUS IN LIFE!
THE STATUS THAT SEEMS TO DEFINE A PERSON
ALSO, A PERSON’S “MASTER STATUS” CAN EITHER WORK
IN FAVOR OR AGAINST A PERSON.
•POSITIVES
•NEGATIVES
–KENNEDY
–AIDS
–DOCTOR
–CRIMINAL
MY BEST FRIEND!
DINNER FOR ONE!
...THE BEHAVIOR EXPECTED OF SOMEONE WHO FILLS
A PARTICULAR STATUS
A PERSON’S ROLE IN ANY STATUS IS A
SET OF EXPECTATIONS FOR BEHAVIOR
• ROLE SET
– A NUMBER OF ROLES
ATTACHED TO A
SINGLE STATUS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
DISCIPLINARIAN
SPORTS AUTHORITY
DIETITIAN
BUSINESSWOMAN
CAREGIVER
DR. MOM
KITCHEN QUEEN
PRETTY MOM
ROLES DEMAND A PERSON’S TIME AND ENERGY
• ROLE CONFLICT
– INCOMPATIBILITY AMONG ROLES WITH
TWO OR MORE STATUSES
• EXAMPLE: CONFLICT BETWEEN ROLE
EXPECTATIONS OF A POLICE OFFICER WHO
CATCHES HER OWN SON USING DRUGS AT
HOME
– Boyfriend/girlfriend issues
• ROLE STRAIN
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– INCOMPATIBILITY AMONG ROLES
CORRESPONDING TO A SINGLE STATUS
• EXAMPLE: MANAGER WHO TRIES TO BALANCE
CONCERN FOR WORKERS WITH TASK
REQUIREMENTS
LEAVING ROLES BEHIND
• ROLE EXIT - BECOMING AN “EX”
– DISENGAGING FROM SOCIAL ROLES
– VERY TRAUMATIC IF NOT PROPERLY PREPARED
• PROCESS OF BECOMING AN “EX”
– INITIATE CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF CURRENT LIFE
– RAISE DOUBTS ABOUT WILLINGNESS OR ABILITY TO
CONTINUE WITH A CERTAIN ROLE
– EXAMINATION OF NEW ROLE POSSIBILITIES LEADS TO A
TURNING POINT AT WHICH TIME ONE DECIDES TO PURSUE A
NEW LIFE
– CHALLENGE OF LEARNING NEW EXPECTATIONS
ASSOCIATED WITH NEW ROLE
• EXAMPLE: GOING THROUGH A MID-LIFE CRISIS!
• EXAMPLES: DIVORCE AND DATING AGAIN
– “EXES” CARRY ON A SELF-IMAGE SHAPED BY AN EARLIER
ROLE, WHICH CAN INTERFERE WITH BUILDING A NEW
SENSE OF SELF
– I WON’T LET IT HAPPEN TO ME AGAIN!
STATUSES AND ROLES HELP US AS WE GO ABOUT
CONSTRUCTING REALITY
• SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF REALITY
– THE PROCESS BY WHICH PEOPLE CREATIVELY SHAPE REALITY
THROUGH SYMBOLIC INTERACTION
– WE PRESENT OURSELVES IN TERMS THAT SUIT THE SETTING AND OUR
PURPOSE
• TELLS PERSON WHAT OTHER INDIVIDUAL IS LIKE
– PERSON FALLS INTO RECOGNIZABLE SOCIAL CATEGORY
• TELLS WHAT WE CAN EXPECT IN TERMS OF BEHAVIOR FROM THE
INDIVIDUAL
– GRANDFATHER=KIND, JUDGE=DIGNIFIED, TEACHER=PROFESSIONAL
• HELPS US KNOW HOW WE ARE EXPECTED TO BEHAVE TOWARDS
OTHERS
– SYMBOLS IN MILITARY REPRESENT RANK, SO OTHERS KNOW HOW TO
ACT
• WE LISTEN OR LOOK FOR CLUES TO TELL US HOW TO RELATE TO
PEOPLE
– HELLO, I’M GREGG SCHMIDT, MR. SCHMIDT, DR. SCHMIDT, SENATOR
SCHMIDT
LEONARD BICKMAN
WILL DRESS AFFECT HOW PEOPLE RESPOND TO YOU?
• A DIME WAS LEFT IN A
PHONEBOOTH
• WHEN FOUND, A WELL DRESSED
OR A POORLY DRESSED PERSON
APPROACHED THE INDIVIDUAL
– WELL-DRESSED PERSON WAS
GIVEN THE DIME 77% OF THE TIME
– POORLY-DRESSED PERSON WAS
GIVEN THE DIME 38% OF THE TIME
TWO OR MORE PEOPLE WHO IDENTIFY AND INTERACT WITH ONE ANOTHER
• PRIMARY GROUP (PERSONAL ORIENTATION)
– SMALL SOCIAL GROUP WHOSE MEMBERS SHARE PERSONAL
AND ENDURING RELATIONSHIPS
– THE FIRST GROUP WE EXPERIENCE IN LIFE (SOCIALIZATION)
• EACH PERSON IS UNIQUE AND IRREPLACEABLE
• SECONDARY GROUP (GOAL ORIENTATION)
– LARGE AND IMPERSONAL SOCIAL GROUP WHOSE MEMBERS
PURSUE A SPECIFIC INTEREST OR ACTIVITY
– WE ARE ALWAYS AWARE OF WHAT WE OFFER OTHERS AND
WHAT WE RECEIVE IN RETURN
• HOW ARE YOU? DO WE REALLY CARE?
• CAN SECONDARY GROUP NORMS BE VIOLATED?
• HOW DO YOU ENSURE THAT YOU WILL BE A MEMBER OF A
PRIMARY GROUP?
HOW DO WE MAKE SENSE OF COUNTLESS FAMILIAR SITUATIONS?
HOW DO YOU MAKE
SENSE OF THIS?
• LANGUAGE AND BEHAVIOR REST
UPON DEEPER ASSUMPTIONS
ABOUT THE WORLD WE LIVE IN
• ETHNOMETHODOLOGY
– A PROCESS THROUGH WHICH WE
“BREAK THE RULES” IN ORDER TO SEE
HOW PERSONS BUILD THEIR
REALITIES
• BY OBSERVING REACTIONS TO
SITUATIONS IN WHICH PEOPLE “BREAK
WITH EXPECTED NORMS,” ONE CAN
BEGIN UNDERSTANDING THE
UNDERLYING ASSUMPTIONS
• HOW “REALITY IS CONSTRUCTED”
• TRY THIS AT HOME OR ON FRIENDS
– HOW ARE YOU? DO I REALLY WANT TO
KNOW?
EXAMINING SOCIAL INTERACTION IN TERMS OF
THEATRICAL PERFORMANCES
• PRESENTATION OF SELF
– IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT
– WE ENHANCE OUR PERFORMANCE
• ROLE PERFORMANCE
– COSTUME=DRESS
– PROPS=OBJECTS CARRIED ALONG
– MANNER=TONE OF VOICE &
GESTURES
– STAGE=PERFORMANCE CRAFTED
ACCORDING TO SETTING
• EXAMPLE:
MUF
– GOING TO THE DOCTOR AND
PLAYING THE SICK ROLE AS
EXPECTED
– JOKE LOUDLY IN A BAR AND DOING
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DECEPTIVE PERFORMANCES
DETECTING LIES WITHIN PERFORMANCES
• USING WORDS
– SIMPLE SLIPS OF THE TONGUE
• QUALITY OF SPEECH (VOICE)
– HINTS OF DISCOMFORT: PAUSES, STUMBLING
– TREMBLING OR SHAKY VOICE
• BODY LANGUAGE
– SUDDEN SWALLOWING, RAPID BREATHING, AND TRYING TO
“FAKE IT” OFTEN PROVIDE CLUES TO DECEPTION:
NERVOUSNESS
• FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
– RAISING AND DRAWING TOGETHER OF THE EYEBROWS (AN
INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENT) INDICATES FEAR OR WORRY
•
DEMEANOR
– WOMEN GENERALLY OCCUPY POSITIONS OF LESSER POWER (POWERFUL
PEOPLE ENJOY MORE FREEDOM
• ABOUT HALF OF ALL WORKING WOMEN IN THE U.S. HOLD CLERICAL OR SERVICE JOBS
THAT PLACE THEM UNDER THE CONTROL OF MEN
• WOMEN MUST CRAFT THEIR PERSONAL PERFORMANCE
•
PERSONAL SPACE: THE SURROUNDING AREA WHICH A PERSON MAKES
SOME CLAIM TO PRIVACY
– FEMININITY MEASURED BY HOW LITTLE SPACE WOMEN OCCUPY (DAINTINESS)
– MASCULINITY MEASURED BY HOW MUCH TERRITORY A MAN CONTROLS (TURF)
– muscular men considered more attractive
• MEN INTRUDE INTO WOMEN’S PERSONAL SPACE, BUT IF A WOMEN INTRUDES INTO
MEN’S PERSONALL SPACE IT’S SEEN AS SEXUAL
•
STARING
– WOMEN EMPLOY EYE CONTACT TO SUSTAIN CONVERSATION
• WOMEN WORK HARDER AT SUSTAINING EYE CONTACT
– WHEN MEN STARE THEY ARE CLAIMING SOCIAL DOMINANCE (OBJECT)
•
SMILING
– WOMEN SMILE MORE THAN MEN, WHICH CAN BECOME A NERVOUS HABIT
(INDICATES SUBMISSION OR MAKING PEACE)
•
TOUCHING
– GENERALLY TOUCHING IS SOMETHING MEN DO TO WOMEN
– ALTHOUGH SUBTLE, IT DEMONSTRATES MALE DOMINANCE
GENDER AND LANGUAGE
• LANGUAGE
– CONVEYS MEANING ON MORE THAN
ONE LEVEL OF UNDERSTANDING
– CONTROL
• FEMALE PRONOUNS AND OWNERSHIP
• WOMEN OFTEN ADOPT THE
HUSBAND’S NAME
• MOTORCYCLE=SHE’S A BEAUTY
– VALUES
• TRADITIONALLY FEMININE TERMS
ARE MORE LIKELY TO CHANGE TO
NEGATIVE MEANINGS THAN THEIR
MASCULINE COUNTERPARTS
– ATTENTION
• CHOOSING THE “HE” WORD TO
REPRESENT “ALL” PERSONS
UNCONVENTIONAL REALITY CAN BE HUMOROUS
AND PROVIDES US WITH AN EXAMPLE OF THE
IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL INTERACTION
USE OF HUMOR IN INTERACTION
• HUMOR IS UNCONVENTIONAL SINCE IT
REPRESENTS A VIOLATION OF CULTURAL
PATTERNS
• “NOT GETTING IT” MEANS THAT A PERSON DOES
NOT UNDERSTAND THE CONVENTIONAL AND
UNCONVENTIONAL REALITIES EMBEDDED IN
THE JOKE
• HUMOR IS TIED TO A COMMON CULTURE AND
DOES NOT TRANSLATE EASILY
• HUMOR ACTS AS A SAFETY VALVE SINCE IT
OFTEN DEALS WITH “HOT BUTTON” (EVEN
DANGEROUS) ISSUES
• IF HUMOR CAN LIBERATE, IT CAN ALSO OPPRESS,
AS IT DOES WITH JOKES ABOUT RACE, SEX,
GENDER, AND THE DISABLED
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