Transcript Slide 1

Environmental Control and Economic
Development
Abdelhameed M El-Shaarawi
National Water Research Institute and
McMaster University
Burlington, Ontario, Canada L7R 4A6
[email protected]
Goals
1.
What is an environmental problem? Evolving issues
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2.
Classification of environmental problems
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3.
Extent: Global, regional, local; duration
Type: Natural or anthropogenic
Effects: Lethal or chronic, significant or insignificant, social, political,
ecological risks
Some Typical Examples
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4.
Recognition, understanding, judging, action
Measurements, mathematics and statistics
If mathematics is the language of nature then statistics is its dialects
Water Pollution Risks
Needs
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Collaboration among stakeholders
Ecological and environmental indicators
Improved predictive, tools for risk analysis
Balance between Growth and Environmental Health
Balance between the Present and the Future
Land, Water, Air
Environmental
Quality
Environment
Natural Resources
Economy
Human
Labor Force
Capital
Production
Consummation
Innovation
Quality of Human Life
Waste
Pollution
(t/km2)
Fish biomass in 1900
Christensen et al. (Fish &
Fisheries, 2003).
And in 2000….
Christensen et al. (Fish &
Fisheries, 2003).
Living resources: food security
U.S. Bureau of the census, Watson and Pauly (2002)
Sources of Pollution
atmospheric
deposition
land-based
discharge
upwelling
return
The Hunt for Oil in Canada
Canada with and Without the Oil Sand
Production
The Spatial Extent
The Production Process
Environmental Concerns
INTERPRETATION
OF RISK TERMS
undesirable outcomes which differ
from the beneficial ones
 Analysis in isolation is difficult due to
inextricable association with the beneficial
ones.
 They are not mutually exclusive!
 Decision-making is based on the level of
disbenefits and risk we may choose to
tolerate, compared to the benefits of the
outcomes.
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Risk:
PRINCIPAL CONCEPT OF RISK
Interactive and Complementary
RISK ASSESSMENT
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encompasses a number of
concepts and methods directed
towards gaining qualitative and
quantitative understanding of
risks.
focuses on the knowledge about
the nature and burden of risks
involved in an activity and
placing it in some framework of
relationships to express its
significance.
RISK MANAGEMENT
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concerns with arrangements to
deal with the assessed burden of
risk by
- eliminating causes of risk
where practicable;
- reducing the probability of
occurrences and the magnitude
of consequences;
- seeking acceptable
compensations and
redistributions in relation to the
residual risk (i.e., Don’t keep
all the eggs in one basket!).
Components of Risk Communication
Setting Regulations
Risk & Benefit (Health & Economy)
Example: Pulp and Paper Industry “Environmental Effects Monitoring”
Objectives of Environmental Effects Monitoring Program:
1.
Does effluent cause an effect in the environment?
2.
Is effect persistent over time?
3.
Does effect warrant correction?
4.
What are the causative stressors?
5.
From 1992, all new effluent regulations require sites to do EEM.
6.
Pulp and Paper Pilot program
Field and Experimental Assessment of Risk
Environmental Effects Monitoring: Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry
Structure Data and Objective
and Paper Industry
Pulp
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Mill1 Mill2   Milli  MillI
1
 2 
i
  I
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Cycles
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1
2
3
1
2
3

Tests
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1.Ceriodaphnia dubia 2.Fathead min now 3. Selanastum
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  
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Survival  reproduction Larval growth  survival A lg al growth  survival
Example of data (daphnia survival and reproduction)
No. of neonates produced per replicates and total female adult mortality
%Effluent
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Mortality
0
50
39
35
49
46
38
41
40
44
45
0
1.56
28
14
14
17
16
13
16
19
20
0
1
3.13
28
15
13
11
22
10
22
16
14
23
0
6.25
10
10
14
12
15
9
15
11
12
16
0
12.5
0
10
11
6
10
13
10
6
13
10
2
25
5
10
5
2
2
2
2
4
6
2
1
50
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
9
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
40
50
Example of reproduction data (one cycle)
20
10
0
Counts
30
Ex p1
Ex p2
Ex p3
All
0
20
40
60
80
100