Transcript Ch. 30: Revolution and Nationalism

CH. 30: REVOLUTION AND
NATIONALISM
SEC. 1: REVOLUTIONS
IN
RUSSIA
HISTORY
• - ALTHOUGH THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
DIDN’T HAPPEN UNTIL 1917, IT HAD
BEEN IN THE WORKS FOR NEARLY 100
YEARS. RUSSIANS WERE FED UP THE
HARSH RULE AND EXTRAVAGANCE OF
THE CZARS
• CZAR ALEXANDER III – BECAME CZAR
IN 1881. HE WAS AN AUTOCRAT
HISTORY
• AUTOCRAT – ONE PERSON HAS TOTAL POWER
• - QUESTIONING THE CZAR, WORSHIPPING OUTSIDE THE RUSSIAN ORTHODOX
CHURCH, OR SPEAKING A LANGUAGE OTHER THAN RUSSIAN COULD BE CAUSE
FOR ARREST.
• - HE HAD SECRET POLICE SPY ON NEARLY EVERY CITIZEN
HISTORY
• - HE MADE JEWS A TARGET FOR
PERSECUTION. AS POGROMS BROKE
OUT, POLICE STOOD BY AND
WATCHED RUSSIAN CITIZENS LOOT
AND DESTROY JEWISH HOMES AND
BURN SYNAGOGUES
NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS II (ROMANOV) –
BECAME CZAR AND CONTINUED THE
AUTOCRATIC POLICY.
• - SOME CHANGES IN RUSSIA WERE
POSITIVE:
POSITIVE
• - INDUSTRIALIZATION
AND THE US
BEGAN BUT WAS STILL FAR BEHIND
WESTERN EUROPE
• - BY 1900 RUSSIA WAS THE WORLD’S 4TH LARGEST STEEL PRODUCER
• - THE TRANS-SIBERIAN RAILWAY WAS COMPLETED IN 1916 (IT TOOK 25
YEARS!). IT CONNECTED WESTERN RUSSIA (IN EUROPE) WITH EASTERN RUSSIA
(ON THE PACIFIC RIM)
TRANS-SIBERIAN RAILWAY
PROBLEMS
• - FACTORIES BROUGHT MANY OF THE SAME PROBLEMS GREAT BRITAIN AND
THE US HAD EXPERIENCED EARLIER:
• - LOW WAGES
• - LONG HOURS
• - TERRIBLE WORKING CONDITIONS
• - CHILD LABOR
MARX
• - THESE CONDITIONS LED TO THE RISE
OF REVOLUTIONARY GROUPS,
PARTICULARLY A GROUP THAT
FOLLOWED THE VIEWS OF KARL
MARX
• - MARXISTS BELIEVED THAT THE
WORKERS WOULD OVERTHROW THE
CZAR AND FORM A “DICTATORSHIP OF
THE PROLETARIAT
WORKERS
• PROLETARIAT – WORKERS
• BOLSHEVIKS – A MARXIST PARTY
THAT GAINED MANY FOLLOWERS
LENIN
• V.I. LENIN – BECAME THE LEADER
OF THE BOLSHEVIK PARTY. HE WAS
AN EXCELLENT ORGANIZER AND HE
WAS ALSO RUTHLESS.
• - LENIN WAS PLANNING A
REVOLUTION TO OVERTHROW THE
CZAR WHO HE SAW AS WEAK.
CZAR’S WEAKNESSES
• 1. RUSSO JAPANESE WAR (1904) – AFTER
A SERIES OF HUMILIATING DEFEATS, RUSSIA
ASKED JAPAN FOR PEACE BUT DIDN’T
OFFICIALLY SURRENDER
• 2. BLOODY SUNDAY: THE REVOLUTION OF
1905 – WORKERS DEMONSTRATING AT THE
CZAR’S WINTER PALACE FOR BETTER
WORKING CONDITIONS WERE FIRED ON BY
THE CZAR’S TROOPS. SEVERAL HUNDRED
WERE KILLED
WEAKNESSES
• 3. WWI – CZAR NICHOLAS COMMITTED RUSSIA TO WAR EVEN THOUGH THEY
WERE OVERMATCHED BY THE GERMANS. 4 MILLION RUSSIANS WERE KILLED,
WOUNDED, OR TAKEN PRISONER IN THE FIRST YEAR OF THE WAR
• - IN 1915 CZAR NICHOLAS WENT TO THE FRONT TO ENCOURAGE RUSSIAN
TROOPS. HE LEFT HIS WIFE ALEXANDRA TO GOVERN
RASPUTIN
• RASPUTIN – A SELF-DESCRIBED
“HOLY MAN” WHO HAD INFLUENCE
OVER ALEXANDRA. HE MADE MANY
OF THE POLITICAL DECISIONS.
• - IN 1916 A GROUP OF NOBLES
MURDERED RASPUTIN FEARING HIS
INCREASING ROLE IN GOVERNMENT
CHANGE
•
- ON THE WAR FRONT, SOLDIER
MUTINIED OR IGNORED ORDERS
• - AT HOME, FOOD AND FUEL WERE
IN SHORT SUPPLY AND PRICES WERE
VERY HIGH
• - PEOPLE FROM ALL CLASSES
WANTED CHANGE AND AN END TO
THE WAR
THE END OF THE CZAR
• MARCH 1917 – A GENERAL UPRISING LED CZAR NICHOLAS TO ABDICATE THE
THROWN. A YEAR LATER HE WAS EXECUTED WITH HIS FAMILY ENDING 300 YEARS OF
ROMANOV RULE
• ABDICATE – TO GIVE UP POWER
• - THE RUSSIANS TRIED TO SET UP A GOVERNMENT BUT THERE WAS MUCH
DISAGREEMENT AND CHAOS
• NOVEMBER 1917 – THE BOLSHEVIKS, LED BY LENIN, TOOK CONTROL BUT HE HAD A
LOT OF OPPOSITION
LENIN
• - LENIN GAVE THE FARM LAND TO THE PEASANTS AND CONTROL OF THE
FACTORIES TO THE WORKERS
• - HE ALSO GOT OUT OF THE GREAT WAR
GERMANY
AND SIGNED A TREATY WITH
• - HE WAS NOT WIDELY SUPPORTED AND FROM 1918-1920 CIVIL
WAR RAGED
• - IN THE END, THE BOLSHEVIKS WERE ABLE TO KEEP POWER AND DEFEAT ITS
ENEMIES
COMMUNIST PARTY
• - AFTER THE WAR THE RUSSIAN
ECONOMY WAS SEVERELY
DAMAGED. IT TOOK SEVERAL YEARS,
BUT BY 1928 RUSSIA WAS BACK TO
PRE-WAR OUT PUT
• COMMUNIST PARTY – THE NEW
NAME FOR THE BOLSHEVIK PARTY. IT
WAS TO BE A CLASSLESS SYSTEM
STALIN
• 1922 – LENIN SUFFERED A STROKE. THIS SET
OFF A COMPETITION FOR HIS SUCCESSOR
• JOSEPH STALIN – BECAME THE NEW HEAD OF
THE COMMUNIST PARTY
•
- HE WAS A COLD, HARD, IMPERSONAL MAN
• STALIN – IN RUSSIAN MEANS “MAN OF
STEEL.”
•
- HE WOULD BE A RUTHLESS DICTATOR FOR
30 YEARS
SEC. 2: TOTALITARIANISM
STUFF
• - STALIN SOUGHT TO MAKE RUSSIA (IN 1922 IT WAS RENAMED THE UNION OF SOVIET
SOCIALIST REPUBLICS OR USSR) A WORLD POWER POLITICALLY AND
ECONOMICALLY. HE ALSO WANTED TO ESTABLISH TOTAL CONTROL OF LIFE IN THE
SOVIET UNION
• TOTALITARIANISM – A GOVERNMENT THAT TAKES TOTAL, CENTRALIZED, STATE
CONTROL OVER EVERY ASPECT OF LIFE
• - A TOTALITARIAN LEADER TYPICALLY USES SECRET POLICE TO CRUSH OPPOSITION.
NO ONE IS SAFE FROM SUSPICION. IT CREATES A SENSE OF FEAR AMONG PEOPLE
TOTALITARIANISM
• - TOTALITARIANISM CHALLENGES
WESTERN VALUES SUCH AS REASON,
FREEDOM, HUMAN DIGNITY, AND THE
WORTH OF THE INDIVIDUAL
• - TO CONTROL PEOPLE IT RELIES ON
TERROR, INDOCTRINATION,
PROPAGANDA, CENSORSHIP, AND
ETHNIC AND RELIGIOUS PERSECUTION
PROPAGANDA
STALIN
• CASE STUDY: STALIN BUILDS A
COMMUNIST STATE – P. 876-877
STALIN
• - STALIN BEGAN TO MAKE PLANS TO OVERHAUL AND GAIN TOTAL CONTROL
OF THE ECONOMY
• - HE FELT RUSSIA WAS 50 – 100 YEARS BEHIND ADVANCED COUNTRIES
HE WANTED TO MAKE THAT DISTANCE UP IN 10 YEARS.
AND
COMMAND
• COMMAND SYSTEM – A SYSTEM IN
WHICH THE GOVERNMENT MAKES
ALL ECONOMIC DECISIONS
• DEMAND SYSTEM – THE
CONSUMERS MAKE ECONOMIC
DECISIONS BASED ON THEIR
PURCHASES
PRODUCTION
• FIVE YEAR PLANS – STALIN SET UP SEVERAL OF THESE TO DEVELOP THE
ECONOMY. HE SET IMPOSSIBLY HIGH QUOTAS ON PRODUCTION OF OIL, COAL,
STEEL, AND ELECTRICITY
• - TO REACH HIS GOALS, GOVERNMENT LIMITED PRODUCTION OF CONSUMER
GOODS WHICH CREATED SHORTAGES OF FOOD, CLOTHING, HOUSING, ETC
• - ALTHOUGH THE PLANS FELL SHORT OF THE GOALS, THE INCREASED
PRODUCTIVITY WAS IMPRESSIVE
COLLECTIVE FARMS
• - STALIN SEIZED OVER 25 MILLION
PRIVATELY OWNED FARMS
• COLLECTIVE FARMS – LARGE
GOVERNMENT OWNED FARMS
• - HUNDREDS OF FAMILIES WORKED
ON THE COLLECTIVES PRODUCING
FOOD FOR THE STATE
COLLECTIVE FARM PROPAGANDA
FARMERS
• - WEALTHY LAND-OWNING PEASANTS
RESISTED THE GOVERNMENT TAKING
THEIR LAND. AS A RESULT, MANY WERE
IMPRISONED OR KILLED. 5 – 10 MILLION
PEASANTS DIED
• - AT FIRST, FARM PRODUCTION
INCREASED, BUT COLLECTIVES FAILED IN
THE LONG RUN
STATE FARMS
• - IN AREAS WHERE FARMING WAS MORE DIFFICULT, THE GOVERNMENT SET UP
STATE FARMS
• STATE FARM - A LARGE FARM WHERE WORKERS ARE PAID A WAGE INSTEAD
OF A SHARE IN THE PROFITS
WOMEN
• - THE ROLE OF WOMEN INCREASED
UNDER STALIN
• - WOMEN WORKED ON FARMS AND IN
FACTORIES AND DID MANY
TRADITIONALLY MALE JOBS
• - WOMEN WERE ALSO ALLOWED TO
GET AN EDUCATION WHICH LED TO
BETTER PAYING JOBS, BUT THEY WERE
STILL PAID LESS THAN MEN
USSR
• - BY THE MID-1930’S STALIN HAD
CREATED A TOTALITARIAN REGIME
• - THE USSR WAS A POLITICAL AND
INDUSTRIAL POWER
• - THE COST TO THE PEOPLE WAS NO
FREE SPEECH, NO INDIVIDUALITY,
AND COMPLETE SOCIAL CONTROL
AND RULE BY TERROR
SEC. 3: IMPERIAL CHINA
COLLAPSES
HISTORY
• - IN THE EARLY 1900’S CHINA WAS IN CHAOS. THE CHINESE HAD LITTLE
CONTROL OVER THEIR OWN TRADE AND ECONOMY. MANY CHINESE WERE
TORN BETWEEN MODERNIZATION AND MAINTAINING OLD TRADITIONS.
• NATIONALIST PARTY – WANTED TO REFORM CHINA AND MODERNIZE. IN
1912, THEY TOOK CONTROL OF THE COUNTRY.
SUN-YAT-SEN
• SUN-YAT-SEN (YIXIAN) – HE WOULD
BE THE NATIONALIST LEADER OF
CHINA. HE HOPED TO ESTABLISH A
MODERN GOVERNMENT BASED ON
3 PRINCIPLES
3 PRINCIPLES
• 1. NATIONALISM – END FOREIGN CONTROL
• 2. PEOPLE’S RIGHTS – DEMOCRACY
• 3. PEOPLE’S LIVELIHOOD – ECONOMIC SECURITY FOR ALL CHINESE
• - SUN WAS UNABLE TO CONTROL ALL OF CHINA AS SEVERAL REGIONS WERE
CONTROLLED BY WARLORDS
WARLORD
• WARLORD – A LOCAL LEADER WITH
A STRONG MILITARY
MAY 4
• MAY FOURTH MOVEMENT – THIS
WAS A DEMONSTRATION AGAINST
THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES. SINCE
CHINA FOUGHT WITH THE ALLIES,
THEY FELT THEY WOULD GET THEIR
TERRITORIES BACK THAT HAD BEEN
COLONIZED BY GERMANY. THESE
TERRITORIES WERE GIVEN TO JAPAN
INSTEAD
MAO
• - THIS CAUSED SOME TO LOSE FAITH
IN SUN AND SUPPORT LENIN STYLE
COMMUNISM
• 1921 – THE CHINESE COMMUNIST
PARTY IS FORMED
• MAO ZEDONG (MAO-TSE-TUNG) –
LEADER OF CHINA’S COMMUNIST
PARTY
STUFF
• HE FELT A REVOLUTION SHOULD BEGIN WITH THE PEASANTS
• READ PRIMARY SOURCE P. 884
• 1925 – SUN DIES
CHAING KAI SHEK
• CHAING KAI SHEK (JIANG JIESHI) –
BECAME THE LEADER OF THE
NATIONALIST PARTY
• - HE PROMISED DEMOCRACY BUT
DIDN’T DELIVER. THIS CAUSED THE
PEASANTS TO SUPPORT MAO AND
THE COMMUNISTS
WAR
• CHAING DID NOT WANT CHINA TO BE A COMMUNIST COUNTRY SO HE WENT TO WAR
WITH THE COMMUNISTS
• - CHAING ORGANIZED AND ARMY OF 700,000 MEN AND SURROUNDED THE
COMMUNIST STRONGHOLD IN THE MOUNTAINS OF CENTRAL CHINA
• - FEARING DEFEAT, 100,000 COMMUNISTS FLED. THE JOURNEY WAS HAZARDOUS
AND COVERED 6,000 MILES.
• - THOUSANDS OF COMMUNISTS DIED ALONG THE WAY AS A RESULT OF STARVATION,
DISEASE, NATIONALIST ATTACKS, AND EXPOSURE
LONG MARCH
• LONG MARCH – WHAT HISTORY
CALLS THIS JOURNEY
• - MAO AND 8,000 OF HIS
FOLLOWERS SURVIVED THE LONG
MARCH AND SETTLED IN NORTHWEST
CHINA WHERE THEY BUILT A NEW
FOLLOWING
OPPORTUNISTIC JAPANESE
• - THE CIVIL
CHINA PROVED TO BE GOOD FOR JAPAN. THE JAPANESE
TOOK ADVANTAGE OF A WEAKENED CHINA TO ATTACK AND TAKE OVER
MUCH OF CHINA (1938)
WAR IN
• - SOON THE NATIONALISTS
AND THE COMMUNISTS STOPPED FIGHTING WITH
EACH OTHER SO THEY COULD CONCENTRATE ON FIGHTING THE JAPANESE
SEC. 4: NATIONALISM IN
INDIA AND SOUTHWEST ASIA
HISTORY
• - SOUTHWEST ASIA IS OFTEN REFERRED TO AS THE MIDDLE EAST
• - WHEN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE COLLAPSED FOLLOWING WWI, FEELINGS OF
NATIONALISM STARTED TO GROW IN OTHER COLONIZED NATIONS. INDIA
INCREASED ITS DEMANDS ON GREAT BRITAIN FOR INDEPENDENCE
• - TWO GROUPS FORMED IN INDIA TO PUSH FOR INDEPENDENCE:
INDIA
• 1. THE INDIAN NATIONAL
CONGRESS – PRIMARILY HINDU –
FORMED IN 1885
• 2. THE MUSLIM LEAGUE – FORMED
IN 1906
INDIA
• - THE HINDUS
AND MUSLIMS IN INDIA DID NOT GET ALONG AT ALL, BUT THEY
HAD A COMMON GOAL IN THEIR DESIRE FOR INDEPENDENCE
• - OVER A MILLION INDIANS FOUGHT WITH GREAT BRITAIN IN WWI IN
EXCHANGE FOR GREATER FREEDOMS, EVENTUALLY LEADING TO
INDEPENDENCE
• - THIS DID NOT HAPPEN. IN FACT, THE BRITISH BEGAN TO JAIL PROTESTERS
AMRITSAR MASSACRE
• AMRITSAR MASSACRE – BRITISH
TROOPS OPEN FIRE ON THOUSANDS
OF PROTESTERS KILLING
WOUNDING 1200
400 AND
• - THIS OUTRAGED MANY AND
INCREASED DEMANDS FOR
INDEPENDENCE
GANDHI
• MOHANDAS GANDHI – EMERGED
AS THE LEADER OF THE
INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT IN INDIA
• - HIS APPROACH ATTRACTED
MILLIONS OF FOLLOWERS
• MAHATMA – A NICKNAME OF
GANDHI. IT MEANS GREAT SOUL
NON-VIOLENCE
• CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE – THE
DELIBERATE AND PUBLIC REFUSAL TO
OBEY AND UNJUST LAW
• - GANDHI BELIEVED IN NONVIOLENT RESISTANCE
• NON-VIOLENT RESISTANCE – TO
OPPOSE AN ENEMY USING ANY
MEANS OTHER THAN VIOLENCE
BOYCOTT
• BOYCOTT – REFUSE TO PURCHASE OR
USE
• - GANDHI URGED INDIANS TO MAKE
THEIR OWN CLOTHES AND REFUSE TO
PURCHASE BRITISH CLOTH
• - HE ALSO URGED INDIANS TO REFUSE
TO ATTEND GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS,
PAY BRITISH TAXES, OR VOTE IN
ELECTIONS
SALT MARCH
• - A TAX THAT INDIANS WERE FORCED
TO PAY WAS A TAX ON SALT. INDIANS
COULD ONLY BUY SALT FROM THE
GOVERNMENT
• SALT MARCH – GANDHI AND HIS
FOLLOWERS WALKED 240 MILES TO THE
SEACOAST TO MAKE THEIR OWN SALT BY
COLLECTING SEAWATER AND LETTING IT
EVAPORATE
SALT MARCH
• - THEY ALSO MARCHED ON A
BRITISH SALT PROCESSING PLANT
INTENDING TO SHUT IT DOWN. THEY
WERE BRUTALLY ATTACKED BY
SOLDIERS WITH CLUBS BUT REFUSED
TO DEFEND THEMSELVES
SELF-RULE
• - WHEN THIS STORY HIT THE WORLD PRESS, IT CREATED WORLD-WIDE SUPPORT
FOR INDIAN INDEPENDENCE.
• - MORE DEMONSTRATIONS AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT TOOK PLACE AND
MANY INDIANS WERE ARRESTED, INCLUDING GANDHI (SEVERAL TIMES)
• 1935 – INDIA WON LIMITED SELF-RULE, BUT NOT TOTAL INDEPENDENCE
• - THIS WAS GOOD, BUT IT CREATED MORE TENSION BETWEEN HINDUS AND
MUSLIMS WHO HAD CONFLICTING VISIONS OF INDIA’S FUTURE
NATIONALISM IN SOUTHWEST ASIA
• - AT THE END OF WWI, THE OTTOMAN
EMPIRE WAS FORCED TO GIVE UP ALL
OF ITS LAND EXCEPT PRESENT DAY
TURKEY
• 1919 – GREECE INVADED TURKEY AND
THREATENED TO CONQUER IT
• 1922 – THE TURKS WERE ABLE TO FIGHT
OFF THE GREEKS AND WIN PEACE
KEMAL
• MUSTAFA KEMAL – THE TURKISH
COMMANDER CREDITED FOR
LEADING TURKEY TO VICTORY
• 1923 – KEMAL OVERTHREW THE
SULTAN AND BECAME THE PRESIDENT
OF THE NEW REPUBLIC OF TURKEY
CHANGES
• 1. SEPARATED THE LAWS OF ISLAM FROM THE LAWS OF THE STATE
• 2. ABOLISHED RELIGIOUS COURTS AND SET UP NEW COURTS BASED ON
EUROPEAN LAW
• 3. GRANTED WOMEN THE RIGHT TO VOTE AND HOLD OFFICE
• 4. LAUNCHED GOVERNMENT FUNDED PROGRAMS TO INDUSTRIALIZE
ECONOMIC GROWTH
AND SPUR
GREAT MOUSTACHE!
• 1938 – KEMAL DIED, BUT HIS
LEADERSHIP GAVE TURKEY A NEW
SENSE OF IDENTITY
• ATATURK – A NICKNAME FOR
KEMAL. IT MEANS FATHER OF THE
TURKS
PERSIA
• - BEFORE WWI, RUSSIA AND
GREAT BRITAIN CREATED SPHERES
OF INFLUENCE IN PERSIA
• - THE BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION
TOOK THE RUSSIANS OUT OF IRAN
SO GREAT BRITAIN TRIED TO TAKE IT
OVER
SHAH
• - THIS TRIGGERED A NATIONALIST
MOVEMENT IN PERSIA AND CAUSED
THE BRITISH TO BACK OFF
• REZA SHAH PAHLAVI – BECAME THE
LEADER AND SET OUT TO MODERNIZE
PERSIA
• SHAH – TITLE OF THE LEADER. IT IS
PERSIAN FOR KING
GOOD AND BAD
• POSITIVE:
• THE SHAH CREATED PUBLIC SCHOOLS, BUILT RAILROADS AND HIGHWAYS,
PROMOTED INDUSTRIAL GROWTH, AND EXTENDED WOMEN’S RIGHTS
• NEGATIVE:
• THE SHAH WAS A RUTHLESS DICTATOR WHO KEPT ALL THE POWER TO HIMSELF
AND CRUSHED ANYONE WHO OPPOSED HIM
SAVAK
• 1935 – PERSIA BECOMES IRAN
SAUDI ARABIA
• - IN SAUDI ARABIA MANY OF THE SAME MODERN CHANGES WERE MADE, BUT
ONLY AS MUCH AS THE ISLAMIC RELIGION WOULD ALLOW
• - SAUDI ARABIA IS A MONARCHY WITH NO EFFORTS TO CREATE A
DEMOCRACY
OIL
• 1920’S AND 1930’S – OIL IS
DISCOVERED IN THE MIDDLE EAST.
THIS AREA CONTAINS ABOUT 2/3’S
OF THE WORLD’S KNOWN OIL
RESERVES.
• - HUGE RESERVES WERE
DISCOVERED IN IRAN, IRAQ, SAUDI
ARABIA, AND KUWAIT
MODERNIZE?
• - THIS DISCOVERY HAD WESTERN
NATIONS RUSHING TO COLONIZE
WOMEN’S ATHLETICS IN SAUDI ARABIA
THE BEACH??
THE END