The Russian Revolution

Chapter 30 Mrs. Cohen

Russia-Review

Mongol Rule Russia Under the Czars Byzantine Influence Boyars

Today’s Special: Russian Revolution!

Ingredients: Czarist Rule Russo-Japanese War World War I Urban Workers Peasant Unrest Ideas of Marx Leadership of Lenin Bloody Sunday

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Autocracy-

ruler has unlimited power •Resistance to Change

Alexander II 1856-1881

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Moves Russia toward modernization and social change Freed serfs Redistributed land

Alexander III 1881-1894

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Censorship

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Secret Police

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Political Prisoners

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Pogroms-Jews

(“Russo-Japanese War” 1:23)

(“Nicholas & War )

Nicholas II & Alexandra 1894-1917

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Economic Growth

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Trans-Siberian Railway

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Growth of revolutionary movements: Why?

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Russo-Japanese War (1905)

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1914 Russia enters WWI

Rasputin

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Self-proclaimed “holy man”

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Mysterious healing powers-Seemed to be the only person who could heal the heir to the throne (hemophilia)

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To show gratitude Czarina allowed him to make key political decisions

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Murder 1916 by a group of nobles who feared his increasing role in government affairs

Bloody Sunday January 22, 1905

Bloody Sunday 1:12 •

St. Petersburg-Czar’s Winter Palace

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200,000 workers gathered asking for better working conditions

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Czar’s generals fired on the unarmed crowd

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More than 1,000 were wounded and several hundred killed

Impact of Bloody Sunday

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Why were Russians outraged?

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Led to creation of the Duma-Russia’s first Parliament

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Duma’s intent-Move Russia towards Constitutional Monarchy such as Britain.

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Czar dissolved after 10 weeks. Why?

(“1905 Factory Strike” 1:02)

The March Revolution

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March, 1917

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200,000 workers called for the Czar to step down

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Soldiers sided with the protesters-created general uprising

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Czar Nicholas steps down

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A year later revolutionaries murder Czar and family-end of 300 year czarist rule

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Duma creates provisional government

Lenin & the Bolsheviks 2:26

Lenin Marxism-

ideology that followed ideas of Karl Marx. Main idea; working class (proletariat) would overthrow the Czar and the working class would rule.

Exiled to Germany-

Studies Marxism

Returns to Russia-

1917

Leader of Bolsheviks-

Bolsheviks a radical revolutionary group who were willing to sacrifice everything for change

Motto:

“Peace, Land, & Bread”

Bolshevik Revolution A.K.A. The November Revolution

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November 1917-armed factory workers overthrew provisional government

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Within days, Lenin and Bolsheviks seized power

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Lenin redistributed all farmland to the peasants

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The Bolshevik Government signed a truce with Germany and began peace talks

Lenin Takes Control 5:01

Russian Civil War

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Upset: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed which gave Germany a large chunk of Russian territory. Angered Russian citizens and factions developed (one for reestablishment of Czar others for Bolsheviks)

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14 million Russian’s died

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3 year engagement

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Bolsheviks win-Red Army

Changes…

Lenin’s Rebuilding of Russia 2:36 •

Lenin restores Russian economy (NEP: New Economic Policy)

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Rename Bolsheviks the Communist Party

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Rename Russia-USSR (Soviet Union)

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Lenin has stroke (1922)

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Power struggle between Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin

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Stalin wins and rules as dictator

Rise of Bolsheviks

Check Point…

Working Conditions Poverty Land Social Structure Czarist Rule WWI

Ideology

•Sets goals of the state •Glorifies aims of the state •Justifies gov’t. actions

Dynamic Leader

•Unites people •Symbolizes gov’t. •Encourages popular support through force of will

State Control of Individuals

•Demands loyalty •Denies basic liberties •Excepts personal sacrifice for good of state

TOTALITARIANISM Methods of Enforcement

•Police terror •Indoctrination •Censorship •Persecution

Dictatorship & One-Party Rule

•Exercises absolute authority •Dominates the gov’t.

Modern State Control of Technology

•Mass communication spread propaganda

Society

•Business -Youth Groups •Labor - Arts •Housing -Personal Life •Education -Religion •Advanced military weapons

JOSEPH STALIN

Rise to Power:

•Between 1922 and1927 worked his way to head of govt. Used ruthless tactics.

•Gets rid of rival – Trotsky •Builds a totalitarian state •Women gain equal rights

•Totalitarian- total, centralized control over every aspect of public and private life. •5 Year Plans- plans to increase HEAVY industry quotes too high – leads to shortages! •Collective Farms: Cause resistance among Kulaks (wealthy farmers) but SOME increase in agriculture •Great Purge: 1934 eliminates anyone who threatens his power- uses terror. •Forced Famine in Ukraine crush resistance to collectivization- 7-10 million die!

Stalin’s Legacy:

• By the mid-1930s, Stalin transformed the Soviet Union into a political and industrial giant.

• He stood unopposed as dictator of his totalitarian state • Total social control was achieved by terror • Goes down in history as one of the world’s worst tyrants (kills millions of Russians whom he sees as a threat) • Many believe that Stalin was paranoid schizophrenic Stalin 21:28

This cartoon from the

Philadelphia Inquirer

depicts the cause of the Russian Revolution of 1905 as a gigantic hammer of "oppression" that strikes the head of Tsar (here, "Czar") Nicholas II. The effect, the cartoonist hopefully envisions, is to make Russia's authoritarian ruler see the stars of "liberty," "freedom," "constitution," and "parliament"; that is, to accept a constitutional monarchy.

Imperial Russia's social structure derided in an anonymous cartoon of 1900 issued by the Union of Russian Socialists.

The Tsar, the Priest and the Rich Man on the Shoulders of the Labouring People, coloured lithograph by A. Apsit, 1918.

The heavy burden on the Labouring People shows clearly in this poster from 1918. By this time the war (WWI) had really messed up the food supply. Soldiers were fighting, and not tending the land, and a lot of property and supplies were burnt in the war effort. In addition, the transportation system was lacking.

http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A05E3DE1E30E233A25750C0A9659C946697D6CF