Transcript Industrial Revolution 1700

Industrial Revolution
1700 - 1900
August 2009
Modern World History
Industrial Revolution
It was called a revolution because industrialization
changed nearly every aspect of people’s lives, from their
living and working conditions, to the structure of social
classes and even their economic conditions.
The Industrial Revolution Began in Britain
The Industrial Revolution started in England and soon
spread to other countries.
•The changes that began in Britain paved the way for
modern industrial societies.
•Key terms & names:
• Industrialization
• Factors of production
• Factory
• Industrialization
Why the Industrial Revolution Began in
Britain:
•Natural resources: water power and coal, iron ore (to build
machines tools and buildings), rivers and harbors for transportation
of goods.
•Growing economy supported industrialization: banking system,
increasing overseas trade, and a general climate of progress.
•Political stability – no wars on mainland.
•Factors of production: labor, land and capital.
•Revolutions in technology by British entrepreneurs.
Industrialization Today
The process of industrialization is still spreading around
the world, especially in developing countries.
A similar technology revolution is occurring in
electronics today, transforming the spread of information
around the world.
Social Impacts of Industrialization
The factory system changed the way people lived and
worked, introducing a variety of problems.
•Many less-developed countries (LDC) are undergoing the
difficult process of industrialization today.
•Key terms & names:
• Urbanization
• Middle class
Industrialization
Working Conditions
 Industry created many new jobs.
 Factories were dirty, unsafe and dangerous.
 Factory bosses exercised harsh discipline.
 Long Term: Workers won higher wages,
shorter hours and better working conditions.
Social Classes
 Workers were overworked and underpaid.
 Overseers/skilled workers rose to lower
middle-class. Owners and merchants formed
upper middle-class.
 Upper middle class resented those in middle
class who became wealthier than them
(nouveau riche).
 Long Term: Standard of living generally rose
for most people.
Industrialization
Size of Cities
 Factories brought job seekers to cities.
 Urban areas doubled, tripled in size.
 Many cities specialized in certain
industries.
 Long Term: Suburbs grew as people
fled crowded cities.
Living Conditions
 Cities lacked sanitary codes or building
controls.
 Housing, water and social services
were scarce.
 Epidemics swept through the city.
 Long Term: Housing, diet and
comforts improved.
Who were the Luddites?
The Luddites were angry not only about losing their jobs
but also about the life changes forced upon them by
industrialization. Instead of working at home along-side
their families (cottage industries), textile workers now
faced dehumanizing factory conditions.
People still use the term Luddites to refer to those opposed
to modern technology.
Industrialization Spreads
The industrialization that began in Great Britain spread to
other parts of the world.
• The Industrial Revolution set the stage for the growth of
modern cities and a global economy.
• Key terms & names:
• Stock
• Corporation
Industrial Development in the United States
The United States possessed many of the same resources
that allowed Britain to mechanize its industries.
• Industrialization in the U.S. began in the textile industry.
• Railroads played a significant role in America’s
industrialization, moving resources and products from the
center of country to its ports on the coastline.
• Like Great Britain, American corporations which raised
capital through the sales of stock were important engines
for the growing U.S. economy.
Continental Europe Industrializes
The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars (1789 to
1815) negatively impact the process of industrialization in
Europe. However eventually industrialization came to
Europe but in different forms.
• Belgium – first among European nations to industrialize
– British skilled labors play an important role.
• Germany – politically divided in early 1800s with
scattered resources and economically isolated so
industrialization was more local or regional. However
Germans built railroads to link its manufacturing sites.
Continental Europe
• 0ther European Nations: limited, mainly by region
• Spain – cotton processing
• Bohemia (Hungary) – spinning industry
• Northern Italy – silk spinning
• Russia – serf labor worked in factories around Moscow and
St. Petersburg
• France – a special situation because agricultural economy
remained strong, gov’t involved in control of
industrialization
• Why? Lack of resources, transportation, capital, social
structures.
Japan Industrializes
Japan was one of the few countries outside of Europe and
the U.S. to attempt industrialization in the 1800s. Other
countries included Mexico and Egypt.
• With the beginning of the Meiji era in 1868, the Japanese
central government began an ambitious program to
transform the country into an industrialized state.
• Some companies had been in business since the 1600s but
new companies were formed, e.g., Mitsubishi formed in
1870 (and still in business.)