Transcript The Counter Reformation

The Protestant Reformation
And Counter Reformation
Reformation
Luther at
Worms
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was the major split in the Christian Church between
Catholics and Protestants
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it was a Protestant movement begun at first to correct
practices which many people felt were wrong for the
Church to do, but later split off from the Catholic Church
Martin Luther
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“Father of the Protestant
Reformation”
German monk
believed in justification by faith;
or that a person could be made
good by God’s mercy & love
brought into conflict with Pope
Leo X over Indulgences, buying
off people’s sins by “donations”
preached against Catholic
practices he felt were wrong
1517, he nailed a list of 95
complaints, Ninety-five Theses,
to a church door in Wittenberg,
Germany
More Luther
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Luther was excommunicated,
condemned as a heretic & outlaw &
he went into hiding
while in hiding, Luther translated the
Bible into German & laid the
foundation of the 1st Protestant faith,
Lutheranism
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salvation was by faith alone (not good
works)
the only source of religious truth was
the Bible (not priests)
church services were held in the
vernacular
priests could marry
Other Protestant Reformers
Other Protestant
Reformers:
 John Calvin
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from Switzerland
doctrine called
predestination, or that
God alone determines
the fate of every person
as Calvinism spread,
they were known in
France as Huguenots
& in England were
called Puritans
Henry VIII (Tudor)
king of England, at 1st
condemned Luther & was
awarded the title, “Defender
of the Faith” by Leo X
asked Pope for an
annulment from wife,
Catherine of Aragon (with
whom he had 6 children,
only 1 surviving) a daughter,
Mary;
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wanted to marry Anne
Boleyn to produce a male
heir
the pope refused, Henry split
with the Church & began
Church of England
(Anglican) allowed him to
divorce Catherine & marry
Anne who had a daughter,
Elizabeth
Henry’s Wives
Elizabeth and Mary Tudor
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Henry married 4 more times, and
finally a son, Edward VI
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Became king at age 9 & died at
16
1556 Mary became Queen, very
Catholic & determined to make
England Catholic again
Many Protestants put to death,
given the nickname, “Bloody
Mary”
succeeded by Elizabeth, who
ruled as a Protestant queen from
1558 –1603 & never married &
had no children; known as the
“Virgin Queen”
Henry VIII is known as the
“Protestant Reformer of England
The Counter Reformation
(The Catholic Reformation)
Council of Trent 1545-1563
Pope Paul III
Met to reform the Church and reaffirm
Catholic beliefs
1.
Rituals and tradition will remain
part of worship
2.
Salvation through faith and good
works
3.
Church tradition equal to Bible as
source of religious truth
4.
Selling of indulgences and simony
were outlawed
5.
Pope is the head of the Church on
earth
6.
Seminaries for proper training of
priests
7.
Stricter rules for clergy
(monasteries and convents)
8.
Reinstituted the Inquisition to
stamp out heresy
Edward VI and the Pope
The Word of the Lord Endureth Forever, All Fleshe is Crase
Catholics Respond
Spreading Catholicism
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Stem the spread of
Protestantism, strengthen
Catholicism
Ignatius of Loyola founded
the Society of Jesus
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known as Jesuits
Preached, helped the
poor, established
schools
As missionaries
strengthened
Catholicism in Eastern
Europe and rest of the
world
Europe Divided
Peace of Augsburg
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HRE Charles V tried to stop
the spread of Protestant
ideas
1555, after many wars,
political battles and religious
debates, signed treaty :
Peace of Augsburg
allowed each Ger. Prince to
choose religion of his state
Division of Europe into
Protestant north & Catholic
south
Inquisition
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Church courts vigorously tried to wipe
out heretics
Helped stop spread of Protestantism in
Italy and Spain
Results
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Encouragement of
Education
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Bible in Vernacular,
encouraged people to learn
to read
Step toward Religious
Tolerance
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Look
Mom! I
can Read
it!
People realized that
intolerance threatened their
own religion
Luther’s Bible in German