Transcript The Protestant Reformation

The Protestant Reformation
The Division of the Church into Catholic and
Protestant Denominations
The Protestant Reformation:
Background - Spain
• 1492 – Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile unite
Spain.
– After uniting Spain, they drive out the Moors, a Muslim
people from North Africa who had ruled much of what is
now Spain.
• The Spanish Inquision
 Spain begins to torture people who are non-Christian and nonCatholic in attempts to get people to convert.
 Muslims (The Moors), Jews (150k of 200k), and Non-Catholic
Christians (like Anabaptist) are tortured, killed, and expelled from
Spain.
The Protestant Reformation:
Background - Desiderius
Erasmus
• Christian Humanism - “The philosophy of
Christ” that Christianity should show people
how to live good lives rather than a system of
beliefs that people should practice to be saved.
• The Praise of Folly (1509) humorously
criticized aspects of society that Erasmus felt
needed to be reformed.
• He singled out monks for special treatment.
The Protestant Reformation: Background
Corruption in the Catholic Church
• Between 1450 and 1520, a
series of popes, “The
Renaissance Popes,”
became more involved in
politics than spiritual
matters.
• The Renaissance Popes:
– Julius II (Warrior Pope)
– Sixtus IV (Nepotism)
– Alexander VI
• Church officials used their
offices to advance their
careers and wealth, and
many local priests seemed
ignorant of their spiritual
duties, especially
instructing the faithful on
achieving salvation
(forgiveness of sins).
The Protestant Reformation:
Background - Indulgences
• The Sale of Indulgences - Church officials
would sell certificates which granted
“indulgences”, a release from punishment for
sin.
• The sale of indulgences angered many people
and led to a movement called the “Modern
Devotion”.
• The Modern Devotion downplayed religious
dogma and stressed the need to follow the
teachings of Jesus.
1517- Martin Luther
 Luther posted 95 Theses on the door of a church in
Wittenberg, Germany opposing the sale of
indulgences. This action started the Protestant
Reformation.
 When the Church would not change its actions,
Luther called for some German princes to
overthrow the papacy in Germany and start a
German reformed church.
 Luther was excommunicated and charged with
heresy.
 The Diet of Worms – the trial of Martin Luther.
 The Edict of Worms - Luther was declared an
outlaw by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.
Main doctrines of Martin Luther
 Justification by Faith
A person is saved through faith alone.
 The Bible is the only source of religious
truth.
Protestants stress the need of people to
read the Bible.
 Priesthood of the Believer
People can have a relationship with God
and do not need a priest.
The Rise of Lutheranism
• Many German rulers within the many states
that made up the Holy Roman Empire
seized control of Catholic Churches in their
territories and set up state churches.
• The Mass was replaced by Bible readings,
preaching, prayer services, and songs.
• Luther kept only 2 of the 7 sacraments,
baptism and the Eucharist (communion).
Politics in the Rise of
Lutheranism
• Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
(who was also Charles I of Spain)
wanted to keep all of his territory
Catholic, but he faced other problems.
– He had a 20 year war with Francis I
of France over disputed territory in
the west.
– The Pope, Clement VII sided with
France.
– He was attacked by the Ottoman
Turks in the east.
Politics (continued)
• When Charles V did try to fight the Protestants
(followers of Luther), the princes were too
powerful to defeat.
• 1555 - The Peace of Augsburg.
– German states could choose between
Catholicism and Lutheranism.
– Lutheran states were to have the same rights as
Catholic states.
• This was NOT religious freedom - states, not
individuals, were allowed to choose a religion.
John Calvin
 John Calvin was the most important
reformer in France.
 Calvin was forced to flee from France to
Switzerland when he converted to
Protestantism.
 Institutes of the Christian Religion, 1536
 Main Doctrine - Predestination.
 God is all-powerful and has determined in
advance who would be saved (the elect) and
who would not (the reprobate).
 The Consistory - council charged with tasks of
governing a religious organization.
The English Reformation
Henry VIII – Elizabeth I
King Henry VIII of England
 Henry was married to Catherine of
Aragon, but wanted a divorce when
she had a daughter, Mary, but no son.
 Asked the Pope to annul the
marriage, but the Pope refused.
 Broke from the Catholic Church and
created the Church of England with
himself at the head (Act of Supremacy
of 1534) so he could get a divorce.
6 Wives
1. Catherine
of Aragon
Divorced
2. Anne
Boleyn
Beheaded
3. Jane
Seymour
Died
4. Anne
of Cleves
Divorced
5. Catherine
Howard
Beheaded
6. Katherine
Parr
Survived
The Reformation in England
under Henry VIII
• Although Henry VIII broke from the Catholic
Church, under his leadership the Church of
England remained close to Catholic teaching.
• Henry sold much of the church’s land to
wealthy landowners gaining wealth and
political allies for himself.
• When Thomas More opposed the king’s action,
he was beheaded.
The Reformation in England
under Edward VI and Mary
• When Henry died in
1547, he was succeeded
by his nine year old son
from his third wife,
Edward VI.
• During Edward’s
reign, the Church of
England (Anglican
Church) became more
Protestant.
Queen Mary
• When Edward died in
1553, Mary, Henry’s
daughter by Catherine
of Aragon, wanted to
return England to being
Catholic.
• “Bloody Mary” burned
Protestants as heretics,
yet the people rebelled
against this persecution
and it made England
even more Protestant.
Elizabeth I
• On Mary’s death in 1558, the throne
passed to her half-sister, Elizabeth I.
• She made reforms that became known
as the “Elizabethan Settlement”.
– a compromise between Protestant and
Catholic practices.
• Elizabeth restored unity to England;
she kept many Catholic traditions, but
made England a Protestant nation.
• She was known as the Virgin Queen
because she never married or had
children.
The Anabaptists
• Luther and Calvin saw a union between the
church and state as important.
• These people, the Anabaptists, wanted the
separation of church and state.
• To Anabaptists, the true church was a group of
Adult believers who had undergone a spiritual
rebirth and then were baptized (adult baptism).
• Anabaptist also believed in the equality of all
believers.
The Anabaptists
• Anabaptist were seen by both Catholics and
Protestants as dangerous radicals.
• Page 491 (An Explosion of Sects)
The Catholic Reformation
• The Catholic Church reformed after the
spread of Protestantism.
• This Catholic Reformation was done by…
– The Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
– Reform of the papacy
– The Council of Trent.
Society of Jesus
• The Jesuits were created by
a Spanish nobleman,
Ignatius of Loyola in 1540.
• All Jesuits take a special vow
of absolute loyalty to the
pope.
• Jesuits used education and
missionaries to restore
Catholicism to parts of
Germany and Eastern
Europe.
Papal Reform
• Pope Paul III appointed
a reform Commission
in 1537.
– The commission blamed
the Church’s problems
on the corrupt policies
of past popes.
The Council of Trent
• Pope Paul III called for the leaders of the
Church to meet in the city of Trent in 1545.
• The Council of Trent met off and on for 18
years.
– Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teaching that
both faith and good works were necessary for
salvation.
– Upheld the seven sacraments.
– The belief in purgatory and indulgences was
strengthened, although the sale of indulgences
was forbidden.
Conclusion
• Problems with the Catholic Church of the
Middle Ages led to the split of the Church.
The Protestant Reformation begun by
Martin Luther in 1517 still goes on today,
and Catholic Reform has had a lasting effect
on the doctrine of the world’s largest
Church.