Reformation Spreads 14.4
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Transcript Reformation Spreads 14.4
REFORMATION
IDEAS SPREAD
Chapter 14.4
RADICAL REFORMERS
Hundreds of protestant sects created
More radical ideas than Luther, Calvin
… “Anabaptists”
Rejected infant baptism
Abolish private property
Speed up judgment day by violent means
Luther united with Catholics to put down the rebellion
Most were peaceful
Called for religious toleration, separation of church and state
Today: Baptists, Quakers, Mennonites, Amish trace their ancestry
to the Anabaptists
ENGLISH REFORMATION
John Wycliffe called for Church reform in 1300s
By 1520, English clergy toying with Protestant ideas
Break with Catholic Church
…
Henry VIII
At first, against Protestant revolt
… Got the name “Defender of the Faith” from the pope- wrote a
pamphlet denouncing Luther
1527: Wished to divorce Spanish wife of 18 years -Catherine of Aragon
… One child: Mary Tudor
… Wanted a male heir
… Wanted to marry Anne Boleyn
… Catholic law doesn’t permit divorce, so he asked the pope to annul
the marriage
… Pope refused
BREAK WITH ROME
Henry decided to take over the English church
Series of laws passed
Took English church from pope’s control
1534: Act of Supremacy
…
Made Henry “the only supreme head on Earth and of the Church of
England”
…
Many Catholics executed for treason
…
Sir Thomas More- great English humanist
Later canonized: recognized as a saint by the Catholic Church
… Henry’s marriage was then annulled
…
Married Anne Boleyn- she bore a second daughter (Elizabeth)
…
Henry was married 4 more times after this
Only had one son (Edward) with Mary Boleyn
CHURCH OF ENGLAND
Henry closed convents and monasteries
Confiscated their lands and wealth
Granted lands to nobles
Secured support for Anglican Church
Kept most Catholic forms of worship
RELIGIOUS TURMOIL
10-year-old son Edward VI inherited throne
… Protestant reforms
Book of Common Prayer
… Sparked uprisings
When Edward died, sister Mary Tudor became
queen
… Return England to Catholic faith
… Hundreds of protestants burned at the stake
ELIZABETHAN SETTLEMENT
Mary died in 1558
Throne passed to Elizabeth
Series of cautious reforms
…
Called Elizabethan Settlement
…
Compromise
… Kept: Catholic ceremony and ritual, hierarchy of bishops
…
Reaffirmed: Monarch is head of the Anglican Church and restored Book of
Common Prayer
Restored unity in England
Made England a firmly Protestant nation
Escaped religious wars that tore apart France
CATHOLIC REFORMATION
Vigorous reform movement within Catholic Church
Pope Paul III
1530s and 40s
Revive moral authority of the Church
End corruption
Council of Trent
…
1545
…
Met off and on for 20 years
…
Reaffirmed Catholic views
Salvation through faith and good works
Bible source of truth, but not only source
End abuses in Church
Stiff penalties for corruption
School to create better-educated clergy
INQUISITION
Pope Paul III strengthened Inquisition
… Church court
… Used torture and execution to root out
heresy
… Index of Forbidden Books
List of works considered too immoral or
irreligious for Catholics
… Included books by Luther, Calvin
CATHOLIC REFORMERS
Ignatius of Loyola
… 1540: Pope recognized new religious order
Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
Founded by Ignatius of Loyola
Combat heresy and spread Catholic faith
Spanish knight
Teresa of Avila
… Reformed convents and monasteries in Spain
… Canonized
RESULTS
By 1600, Rome farm more devout city than it had
been 100 yrs earlier
Piety and charity
Reforms slowed Protestant tide, returned some
areas to Catholic Church
Still, Europe remained divided into
… Catholic south
… Protestant north
PERSECUTION
Catholic and Protestant mobs killed each other
Both persecuted Anabaptists
Witch Hunts
… Usually women
… Between 1450-1750 thousands died
… At the time, most believed in spirits and magic
… Scapegoats
… Social outcasts- beggars, poor widows, midwives blamed
for infant death, herbalists
… Most in German states, Switzerland, France
JEWS
1516: Venice ordered Jews to live in separate
ghetto in city
Restrictions increased through Europe
Luther called for them to be expelled from
Christian lands and for Synagogues and books
burned
German princes expelled Jews
Wearing yellow badges
Poland-Lithuania-permitted to prosper under
Ottoman Empires