Transcript Dem.-Republican Revolution (1801

Foreign Policy Crisis
25 Years of War in Europe
 Napoleonic Wars - In 1803, after a brief respite, war
breaks out once again in Europe.
 Continental System - After the effectiveness of his fleet
was destroyed at the Battle of Trafalgar (1805), Napoleon
tried to use his control of Europe to destroy England’s
economy (ability to finance war) by denying them access
to European markets.
 Paper Blockades – British economic retaliation to the
Continental System brings a flurry of paper blockades that
put American trade in a no win situation and seriously
disrespects the sovereignty of the U.S.
 Ignited by the Chesapeake Incident, Jefferson decided to
use American trade as a weapon in order to win respect for
U.S. rights on the high seas. (Embargo Act, 1807)
Foreign Policy Crisis
25 Years of War in Europe
 Broken Voyages (1805) – Britain cracked down on
Americans transporting French Caribbean goods to the
U.S. in order to change the ship’s manifest prior to sailing
for France in an attempt to avoid the Rule of ‘56.
 Berlin Decree (1806) – Napoleon declares a blockade
of English ships from all French held European ports.
 Orders-in-Council (1807) – England declares that any
neutral, trading with a European port closed to English
ships, must stop to purchase a license, otherwise they will
be seized.
 Milan Decree (1807) – Napoleon declares that any
neutral allowing England to disrespect their sovereignty by
purchasing a license will be seized.
Foreign Policy Crisis
25 Years of War in Europe
 Chesapeake Incident (1807) – The U.S.S.
Chesapeake, an American warship in American waters, is
fired upon by the H.M.S. Leopard. Three sailors are killed,
18 wounded and 4 sailors are impressed.
 Embargo Act (1807-09) – Forbade all American trade
from leaving American waters, (no exports). Funding for
the Coast Guard is increased to enforce the embargo.
 Non-Intercourse Act (1809) – With the Embargo an
obvious failure, this act is passed in the last days of
Jefferson’s presidency restoring all foreign trade except to
England & France.
 Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810) – Passed during the
Madison administration, this act offered exclusive U.S.
trade to the power which agreed to respect U.S.
independent rights. France responds agreeing to respect
U.S. rights. Without a fleet they had nothing to lose.
The War of 1812 (1812-1815)
United States v. England
 A strange, yet important, war:
– No land changed hands.
– No major incident started the war.
– The last and most decisive battle is fought after the
peace treaty had already been signed. (New Orleans)
– The U.S. gains greater international respect for having
physically defended their sovereign rights.
– U.S. control over the Northwest Territory is confirmed
& Native American resistance in the territory is broken.
– Victory in the Battle of New Orleans gives rise to
American nationalism & collapses the Federalist party.
Votes For Declaration of War, 1812
REGION
FOR
AGAINST
New England
12
20
Middle States
21
17
South
33
11
West
9
0
TOTAL
74
48
The War of 1812
 The war was declared based of a group of issues
that were important to various regions of the
country.
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–
–
–
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Ships seizures.
Impressment.
Indian conflict in the Northwest Territory.
Land hunger to gain Canada, Florida & the Southwest
National honor.
 Ironically, New England (Federalists) did not
support the war. The profits from successful
smuggling were worth the financial loss of the
seized ships.
 The real push for war came from the western and
southern War Hawks. Why?
Tecumseh & Tenskwatawa
 Why is Tecumseh different from
other Indian leaders?
 Role of Tenskwatawa, “The
Prophet”
 Alliance with British
 Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811
 Battle of the Thames, 1813
 Invasion of Canada fails (1812)
– Fort Detroit surrenders
– Niagara Army is turned back without support of
New York militia.
– Why such a failure?
The War of 1812
 Toronto (York) invaded & burned (4/1813)
 Battle of Lake Erie (9/1813)
– Oliver Hazard Perry
• “We have met the enemy, and they are ours.”
• U.S. regains Northwest by cutting off British navy.
– Battle of The Thames or Moraviantown (10/1813)
• U.S. defeats British retreating from Northwest
• Tecumseh is killed, Indian support for Brits ends.
 Battle of Horseshoe Bend (3/1814)
– Andrew Jackson breaks Mississippi Valley Indian
resistance gaining control of southern Georgia and
Alabama.
The War of 1812
 British invasion from Canada fails (9/1814)
– After the fall of Napoleon the English have
enough ships to complete American blockade.
– The Americans defeat the British in Plattsburg,
New York and on Lake Champlain.
• Thomas McDonough
The War of 1812
 British burn Washington, D.C.
– Victorious at Bladensburg, Md., the British march into the capital
and put it to the torch in retaliation for Toronto (York).
– Legend has it that Dolly Madison saved many national treasures
before fleeing. The Madison’s dinner was still warm & on the
table when the British arrived.
• The President’s Mansion is repaired and given a coat of whitewash
paint = “White House”.
– Yet, in order to hold Washington, D.C. the British needed the
support of its’ fleet.
– Defending the Potomac River were two American forts, Ft.
Covington and Ft. McHenry.
– The British launch 2000 incendiary rockets during the night of
9/13-9/14 in order to level the forts. Ft. McHenry survived the
assault and the British army was forced to withdraw for
Washington, D.C.
• Star-Spangled Banner = National Anthem 3/3/1931.
The War of 1812
 Battle of New Orleans (12/1814-1/1815)
– Americans heavily outnumbered 8000-5000. In order
to supplement his numbers General Andrew Jackson
promised a pardon for the notorious pirate Jean Lafitte.
– Due to the terrain the British had to attack a heavily
fortified American position. Unfortunately for the
British, their front line troops were not equipped with
siege ladders and they could not scale the American
defenses.
– Miscommunication by British leaves their soldiers
standing in range of American guns without orders.
American sharp-shooters delivered many British
casualties. The resulting loses were 2000+ British to
less than 100 American.
– Though the victory was earn after the peace was signed,
it inspired great American nationalism and eventually
launched Andrew Jackson to the Presidency in 1828.
Collapse of the Federalists
 Hartford Convention (12/1814)
– Just as the news of the victory in New Orleans & the
peace treaty ending the War of 1812 are hitting Wash.,
D.C. the Federalists had made a number of demands on
the Dem.-Rep. lead gov’t., threatening secession.
•
•
•
•
•
No embargoes more than 60 days.
2/3 vote to: declare war, embargo, admit states
No naturalized citizens should hold gov’t. office.
Abolish 3/5ths Compromise.
No President can serve more than one term.
– Appearing somewhat treasonous during a time of
heightened nationalism, the Federalist party collapses
as a national party.