Transcript Ch. 6, Sect. 4 War of 1812 1. Baltimore was targeted by the British (before/after) Washington DC was attacked. 2.

Ch. 6, Sect. 4
War of 1812
1. Baltimore was targeted by the British
(before/after) Washington DC was attacked.
2. T_____________ organized a pan-Indian
alliance thought fought on the side of the
British.
3. Jefferson’s embargo was unsuccessful in every
aspect, except that it encouraged the growth of
American i ___________ in the long run.
4. President M__________ declares war on
Britain.
5. The Orders in Council were meant to destroy
the economy of ____________.
1. The Treaty of G________________ is
negotiated, declaring an end to the fighting.
2. The treaty was really only an a_______, an
agreement to end the fighting.
3. Andrew _____________ of Tennessee is the
hero of New Orleans and the Battle of
Horseshoe Creek.
4. Oliver Hazard P______ led the US Navy to
victory on Lake Erie.
5. The USS Constitution is nicknamed “Old
_________” based on its performance during
the war of 1812.
1. Britain attempts to ____________ Europe with the
Orders in Council.
2. President ___________ declares war on Britain.
3. _____________ organizes a pan-Indian alliance.
4. _____________ of Tennessee is the hero of New Orleans
and the Battle of Horseshoe Creek.
5. The ________________ is negotiated, declaring an end to
the fighting.
6. Henry _________ proposed the “American System.”
A. Adams B. Clay C. Treaty of Paris D. Treaty of Ghent
E. Harrison F. Jackson G. Madison H. Jefferson
I. Invade J. Blockade K. Tecumseh
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
The Treaty of G______ that ended the war did not resolve any of the major issues.
The Treaty of G________________ is negotiated, declaring an end to the fighting.
The treaty was really only an a_______, an agreement to end the fighting.
Andrew _____________ of Tennessee is the hero of New Orleans and the Battle of Horseshoe Creek.
Gen Andrew ___________ led US troops to victory at New Orleans.
Oliver Hazard Perry led the US Navy to victory on Lake E______.
Oliver Hazard P______ led the US Navy to victory on Lake Erie.
The USS Constitution is nicknamed “Old _________” based on its performance during the war of
1812.
In 1807 the British warship the Leopard fired on the US warship the C_______________.
The Shawnee chief T_______ led an alliance of Native Americans that supported Britain.
In 1814 the British captured and burned the city of __________.
Baltimore was targeted by the British (before/after) Washington DC was attacked.
T_____________ organized a pan-Indian alliance thought fought on the side of the British.
Gen. William Henry H_______ defeated the Native Americans in the Indiana Territory at the Battle
of Tippecanoe.
Pres. Jefferson declared an e_______ to try to keep the US out of war with England and France.
Jefferson’s embargo was unsuccessful in every aspect, except that it encouraged the growth of
American i ___________ in the long run.
President M__________ declares war on Britain.
Britain sparked American anger by seizing Americans and forcibly drafting, or imp__________ them
into the British navy.
Britain attempts to b____________ Europe with the Orders in Council.
The Orders in Council were meant to destroy the economy of ____________.
Jefferson’s Second Term: 1804-1808
1804: Jefferson wins Electoral College, 162 to 14
1805: France and Britain at it again! Battles of
Austerlitz & Trafalgar change balance of power
in Europe and at sea.
1806: London issues Orders in Council – an
attempt to blockade the French. American
merchants caught in middle
1807: USS Chesapeake attacked 10 miles off VA
by GB
1808-1811: 6,000 Americans impressed by G.B.
Will it mean war?
Chesapeake Encounter with the Leopard
Chesapeake Encounter with the Leopard
A painting of the British frigate Leopard firing its guns into the U.S.S. Chesapeake
when the U.S. ship refused to be searched for British deserters. The British boarded
the subdued Chesapeake and seized four deserters, three of them American citizens.
Americans were humiliated and angered by the British violation of American rights.
(Courtesy of William Gilkerson)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Manning the Navy, English engraving showing the impressment of American sailors
Manning the Navy, English engraving showing the impressment of American
sailors
The impressment of sailors into the British navy from American ships was one of the
more prominent causes of the War of 1812. This 1790 engraving shows an American
sailor being seized at gunpoint while those who might try to assist him are elbowed
aside. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Jefferson’s Embargo
SITUATION: US merchants marine is victim to both
France and Britain, Americans calling for war
PROBLEM: Jefferson has a weak army, no navy (his
own fault, too)
SOLUTION: Embargo Act of 1807
RESULT: West and NE are devastated economically,
smuggling takes off, Embargo repealed 1809, except
for w/ England & France.
Republicans’ popularity plummets,
Federalists are revived.
Still no Navy!!!
Jefferson’s Embargo
Was it a success, or failure?
Think of:
Impact on England
Impact on Republicans & Federalists
Influence of New England’s Economy
Development of Industry in US
Western War Hawks
• 1811: Twelfth Congress moves toward war
• Henry Clay of Kentucky (Speaker of the House) & John
Calhoun of South Carolina lead call for war
• Western Reps call for “Free Trade and Sailor’s Rights,”
eagerly eye “free land” in British Canada, battle cry is
“On to Canada”
• War Hawks see British support for Indian threat on
Frontier
• William Henry Harrison persuades native chiefs in
Indiana to cede 3 million acres – angers other tribes
Tecumseh and the
Prophet
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Tecumseh and the Prophet create a pan-Indian alliance
They revitalize Indian culture and ways
They refuse to recognize land deals
Gen. Harrison destroys Tippecanoe Nov. 7, 1811
Form an alliance with British in War of 1812
Tecumseh killed at Battle of Thames, 1813
Andrew Jackson defeats Creeks at Battle of Horseshoe
Bend
• Indian alliance collapses without Tecumseh
WAR!!!
• War Hawks engineer vote for war, 79 to 49 in
House, 19 to 13 in Senate
• Vote shows growing sectionalism
• IRONY: London repealed Orders in Council 2
days before war vote
• New England violently opposed to war with
England - Secession is a real threat.
• US enters the war unnecessarily and un-united
Second War for Independence:
War of 1812
•
•
•
•
•
A Bad Idea, Poorly Executed
America has no army, no navy
New England (maritime states) oppose the war
British and Canadians are ready to fight
Americans have no strategy for Canada (forget
the lessons of Montreal in the Fr. & Indian War)
1813 American invasions of Canada fail
Map: Major Campaigns of the War of 1812
Major Campaigns of the War of 1812
The land war centered on the U.S.-Canadian border, the Chesapeake Bay, and the Louisiana and Mississippi Territories.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
http://library.thinkquest.org/22916/ex1812.html
Battle for Lake Erie
“In short, our victory was due to our
heavy metal.”
-Theodore Roosevelt
• Perry has more ships and more carronades –so he
needs to get close and fight ship to ship.
• His second and command, inexplicably, fails to
engage.
• Perry’s flagship is destroyed and he rows, under
heavy fire, to a second, smaller ship. He continues
the fight and the British surrender.
• This puts all the British forts along the Great
Lakes in peril.
http://reed.senate.gov/images/rhodeisland/erie_b.gif
• Oliver Hazard Perry has some success on Lake Erie
• British forced to withdraw from Detroit, leading to Battle
of the Thames Oct. 1813
• British return in 1814, with 4,000 troops
• Washington DC is burned August 1814
• Baltimore is attacked next, important port for privateers
• Ft. McHenry holds, “Star Spangled Banner”
Battle of Baltimore,
http://www.historycentral.com/1812/baltimore.html
Battle for Baltimore
• 9/12/1814: British first attack overland from North Point
(near Key Bridge today).
• MD militia successfully delays British marines. Col.
Ross, their commander is “shot off his horse by two
Baltimore teenagers (Henry McComas and Daniel
Wells.”British withdraw.http://www.pattersonpark.com/Park%20Information/rodgersbastion.html
• 9/13/1814: 2nd attempt: Battle for Hampstead Hill and
try again. Commodore John Rodgers, USN led 12,000
men in fighting off British, using 100 cannon on site of
Pagoda in Patterson Park today.
• British Navy held at bay by Ft. McHenry and chained
and sunken ships in inner harbor.
• British give up and retreat.
• “Star Spangled Banner”
SUMMARY:
War at Sea
Americans win the battles,
But lose the war at sea
• Americans fight better ship for ship
• American ships are stronger, crews better,
handled better by captains
• YET, British superiority in sheer #’s allow for a
blockade that strangles American shipping,
fishing, even banking (no customs or tariffs
collected)
Old Ironsides
Constitution
Guerrière
Tons.
1576
1338
COMPARATIVE FORCE.
Guns. Broad-side.
27
684
25
556
Men.
456
272
Loss.
14
79
http://www.ecst.csuchico.edu/~beej/constguerr.html
The British commander should not
have engaged. He was at a
disadvantage.
The loss of the Guerriere to the
Constitution was a huge humiliation
to Britain. In the last two decades
the British had NEVER lost as ship.
This, probably more than any other
battle, cemented the US as a world
power because it could now project
power beyond its borders.
http://www.ussconstitution.navy.mil/VirtualTour.htm
Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans, artist unknown
• Jackson wins Battle of Horseshoe Bend against the Creek
• Next he fights Battle of New Orleans, last campaign of war
• Andrew Jackson's 5,600 troops—including 2 companies of
African American volunteers from New Orleans--defeat 8,000
better-trained British troops in January of 1815,
•2K British lost in 30 min, Americans lose 70+.
•The battle made Andrew Jackson a national hero, esp. in West
and on the frontier.
Treaty of Ghent, 1814
SAD IRONY: Signed 2 weeks before Battle for New Orleans
Armistice signed Christmas Eve 1814.
ORCHESTRATED by Tsar Alexander I, Russia b/c of
Napoleon’s advances, needs England out of war w/ US
NEGOTIATED IN IGNORANCE by both sides.
English think they are winning the war, but news of Battles
in NY and Baltimore, along with events in Europe, pressure
GB to come to terms.
MYTH: Americans credit Battle of New Orleans with winning
the war. TRUTH: More like a draw.
•
•
•
•
•
War of 1812 - The Scorecard
6,000 Americans killed or wounded
New respect for America abroad
Sectionalism and Federalist Party defunct
U.S. is now has a NATIONAL IDENTY
Andrew Jackson & William Henry Harrison
heroes
• Revives antagonism with Britain
• Establishes a border with Canada, wary peace
• Oregon Territory shared by Britain and U.S.
War of 1812
War of 1812
War Hawks
Embargo of 1807
Impressment USS Chesapeake
Orders in Council
War breaks out b/w
France and Britain