Transcript Document

Journal #29
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Impressment – forcing people to serve in the army
or navy
Embargo – the banning of trade, usually against
another country
THE COMING OF WAR
AND THE WAR OF 1812
10.3 and 10.4
Danger on the High Seas
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The state of Algiers was one of several North
African lands known as the Barbary States
These countries practiced piracy and held foreign
citizens for ransom – the pirates are called
Barbary Pirates
Many countries, including the U.S. paid the
Barbary States to protect their ships and citizens
The U.S. Navy is eventually sent to end the pirate
raids
More Trouble on the High Seas
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When Great Britain and France go to war in
1803
They both want to stop the U.S. from supplying
the other side
Britain passes an act allowing their navy to
search and seize ships going to France
France declares that nobody can ship goods to
Britain
The British and French capture many American
ships, the British look for sailors who left the
British navy and make them return to their ships
1807 – the British Leonard stops and opens fire
on the U.S. Chesapeake
A Trade War
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How should the U.S. respond to Britain’s violation of our neutrality?
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War?
Embargo?
Jefferson and the Republicans favored an embargo – in 1807 they
pass the Embargo Act – which bans foreign trade
The Embargo Act was meant to punish Britain and France but it hurt
American merchants instead – the Federalists gain power
Congress replaced the unpopular law with the Non-Intercourse Act
in 1809
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Banned trade with Britain and France
Stated that the U.S. would start trading with the first side that stopped
violating U.S. neutrality – AKA taking our ships
Problems on the U.S. Frontier
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Disagreements between Britain and the U.S.
went further than the issue on the seas
In the early 1800s, thousands of American
settlers were entering the Northwest Territory
Native Americans were upset – the U.S. had
gained much of this land from the Treaty of
Grenville
Many Indian leaders had not agreed to this
treaty
Britain wanted to control the growth of the U.S.
– they give military aid to American Indians on
the frontier
Tecumseh
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Shawnee chief who was one of the most influential and
talented Indian leaders of the early 1800s
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Skilled military leader and public speaker
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“Where
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are the once powerful tribes of our people? They have
vanished before the greed and oppression of the white man, as
snow before a summer sun.” ~ Tecumseh
Tecumseh wanted to unite the tribes of the Northwest, South,
and eastern Mississippi Valley with the help of his brother –
the Prophet
Tecumseh created a village for his followers near the
Wabash and Tippecanoe Rivers
War on the Frontier
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William Henry Harrison – governor of Indiana
Territory believed that Tecumseh was a serious
threat the America
Harrison and Tecumseh met face to face in 1810 –
they did not come to an agreement
Tecumseh travels south to the Creek nation
While Tecumseh is gone, Harrison attacks the village
of Tecumseh’s followers
Harrison’s soldiers win the Battle of Tippecanoe and
destroy Tecumseh’s village – Tecumseh and the
Prophet lose support
Battle of Tippecanoe
The War Debate
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People in the U.S. were angry with Britain
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War Hawks were members of Congress who favored war against Britain
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Henry Clay of Kentucky
John C. Calhoun of South Carolina
War Hawks wanted to defend the countries honor and add land to the U.S.
New England Federalists were against the war – they wanted to renew
friendly business ties with Britain
Others were worried that our military was too weak to fight the powerful
British
A Declaration of War
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James Madison, a Republican elected
in 1808, faced many difficult
decisions as president
In a speech to Congress in 1812,
Madison complains about Britain’s
conduct and asks Congress to decide
what to do
Representatives of the southern and
western states vote for war – many
states in the northeast vote for peace
The War Hawks win and war is
declared against Britain in 1812,
weeks later Madison is re-elected
THE WAR OF 1812
10.4
The First Battle of the War
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In August 1812 the USS Constitution met the
British Guerriere off the coast of Canada
The Constitutions first cannon blast rocked
the Guerriere like “the shock of an
earthquake”
When the British returned fire a cannonball
bounced off the side of the Constitution
The Constitution’s victory shocked many
people
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The British had hundreds of ships – the U.S.
less than 20
U.S. Advantages on the Seas
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The U.S. paid privately owned ships to attack
British merchant ships
Most of the British navy was scattered around the
globe
The newly built U.S. ships were well built and
carried more cannons than British ships
Eventually the British bring more ships to America
and blockade American seaports
The Canadian Border
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The U.S. wanted to invade
Canada with 3 separate
armies
Before they get there the
British and Indians led by
Tecumseh capture Fort Detroit
The British take over the Great
Lakes by the end of 1812
In 1813, the U.S. strikes back
by burning the Canadian
capital York – they want to
take back Lake Erie also
The Battle of Lake Erie
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Captain Oliver Hazard Perry
builds a small fleet of ships and
sails out to meet the British on
Sept. 10, 1813
The Battle of Lake Erie lasted
more than three hours, before
the British surrendered
This victory gives the U.S. new
hope
The Battle of the Thames
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October 1813, General Harrison’s U.S.
troops catch up to the British near the
Thames River in Canada
The U.S. troops charge into the British
and Indian force, the British retreat – the
Indians do not
Eventually Tecumseh is killed –
weakening the Indian British alliance
around the Great Lakes
This battle broke the British power on
the Northwest frontier and secured the
U.S./Canada border
The Battle of Horseshoe Bend
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In 1813 Creek Indians led by chief Red Eagle
begin to attack the U.S., destroying Fort Mims
in Alabama
Andrew Jackson, a general in the Tennessee
militia led his soldiers south to fight the Creek
In 1814, Jackson attacks the main creek base
in Alabama at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend
Jackson won a convincing victory, causing Red
Eagle to surrender and the Creek to give up
millions of acres of land
The British on the Offensive
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Even though the U.S. was winning in the West
and South, in the East the U.S. was in danger
The British had defeated the French in 1814
and sent more troops to the U.S.
They had the Atlantic blockaded and moved to
attack Washington D.C.
Washington D.C. is Burned
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James Madison and his advisors are forced to flee
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Dolly Madison stayed behind long enough to save a famous portrait of
George Washington
The British set fire to the White House and other government
buildings in Washington
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Payback for York in Canada
The Attack on Fort McHenry
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After burning Washington, the
British move on to Baltimore,
Maryland which was guarded
by Fort McHenry
The British fleet shelled the
fort for 25 hours but the
Americans refused to
surrender – the British retreat
Francis Scott Key witnessed
the attack on Fort McHenry
and wrote the words to “The
Star-Spangled Banner”
The Battle of New Orleans
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After the attack on Washington and Baltimore the British launch an attack on
New Orleans
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They wanted to take control of the Mississippi River
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Andrew Jackson was in control of U.S. forces around New Orleans
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The Battle of New Orleans began on January 8, 1815 – 5,300 British
attacked Jackson’s 4,500
The British began marching toward the U.S. troops under the cover of fog –
suddenly the fog lifted
The British troops were killed with frightening speed – the British suffered
2,000 casualties while the U.S. suffered 70
The War of 1812
Ending the War
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Before the Battle of New Orleans, New England
Federalists gathered at Hartford, Connecticut in 1814
This is known as the Hartford Convention – the Federalists
opposed the war, some wanted to withdraw from the U.S.
Before the Federalists reached Washington, news broke
that the Treaty of Ghent had been signed in December
1814 – before the Battle of New Orleans